UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
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FORM 10-K
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x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017
OR
¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO
Commission File Number: 001-35146
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RPX Corporation
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
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Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | One Market Plaza, Suite 1100 San Francisco, California 94105 (Address of Principal Executive Offices and Zip Code) | 26-2990113 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | ||
(866) 779-7641 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) | ||||
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Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered | |
Common Stock, $0.0001 Par Value | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC | |
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
YES ¨ NO x
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
YES ¨ NO x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES x NO ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data file required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES x NO ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. | |||||||
Large accelerated filer | o | Accelerated filer | x | ||||
Non-accelerated filer | o | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | o | |||
Emerging growth company | o | ||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. | o | ||||||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES ¨ NO x
The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $645.1 million as of June 30, 2017, which is the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based upon the closing sale price on The NASDAQ Global Select Market reported for such date. Shares of common stock held by each officer and director and affiliates were excluded. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
There were 49,899,559 shares of the registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding as of February 23, 2018.
Documents Incorporated by Reference:
Portions of the Definitive Proxy Statement for registrant’s 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2018 Proxy Statement”), are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. The 2018 Proxy Statement will be filed within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2017.
RPX Corporation
Form 10-K Annual Report
For the year ended December 31, 2017
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions which, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding our business strategies and business model, products, benefits to our clients, future financial results and expenses, our acquisition of Inventus Solutions, Inc. ("Inventus"), our patent acquisition spending, our competitive position, and the previously announced process to explore and evaluate strategic alternatives to maximize shareholder value. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.
PART I.
Item 1. | Business. |
Overview
RPX Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “RPX”, “the Company”, “our”, “we” or “us”) was incorporated on July 15, 2008 in the state of Delaware. We help companies reduce patent litigation risk and corporate legal expense through two primary service offerings: our patent risk management services and our discovery services.
Our patent risk management services help companies reduce patent-related risk and expense through subscription-based services that facilitate more efficient exchanges of value between owners and users of patents compared to transactions driven by actual or threatened litigation. Our patent risk management membership clients pay an annual subscription fee and in return, receive access to substantially all of our patent portfolio as well as an array of services provided throughout their membership. Access to these services is available primarily through discussions with our professionals—particularly client services and our team of patent experts, as well as through a proprietary database, and attendance of regularly scheduled conferences.
In addition to our subscription-based patent risk management services, we underwrite patent infringement liability insurance policies to insure against certain costs of litigation. We use a reinsurance subsidiary company to assume a portion of the underwriting risk on the insurance policies that we issue on behalf of third party underwriters. Our insurance product helps policyholders manage and cap their risk of patent litigation. We are responsible for claims management and provide pre-litigation support to our policyholders based on our proprietary patent market data, which helps them manage their patent risk efficiently.
Our discovery services offering helps clients manage the costs and risks related to the legal discovery process through the use of technology and a comprehensive managed services model. Our approach is designed to streamline the administration of litigation matters, internal and external investigations, regulatory compliance, and other matters by offering a wide range of technology-enabled services including document collection and processing, document review, document production, and project management. Our discovery services clients include corporations and law firms.
Revenue from our patent risk management services constituted 76%, 80%, and 100% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Revenue from our discovery services constituted 24%, 20%, and 0% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, as we began offering these services in 2016 as a result of our acquisition of Inventus.
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The Markets
Patent Risk Management Market
The United States Constitution empowers Congress “to promote the progress of science and the useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries” through the grant of patents. Patent rights are a key component of a knowledge-based economy and are assets that can be bought, sold or licensed. We refer to the market in which participants exchange value — whether through the sale or licensing of patents — as the “patent market.”
Monetization of Patents
Historically, the following fundamental attributes of patents have enabled patent monetization:
• | Patents Provide a Limited Monopoly – In exchange for public disclosure of an invention, a patent owner is granted a monopoly over the use of a patented invention for a specified period, typically 20 years from the filing of the patent application. |
• | Patents Confer Negative Rights – Patent rights are negative rights, meaning that they generally enable a patent owner to exclude others from commercial exploitation of a patented invention, regardless of whether the patent owner has the resources to manufacture or commercialize the invention. As the owner of a negative right, a patent owner has recourse through litigation to prevent others from using, making, offering for sale or selling the patented invention. Even when the patented invention is only a component of a broader product or service, the negative right can be enforced against any product or service that practices the claims of the patented invention. |
• | Patents May Be Licensed and are Infinitely Divisible – A patent owner can authorize the use of the patented invention by one or more parties, typically in exchange for licensing fees. There is no legal limit to the amount of licenses a patent owner can provide to market participants. |
• | Patents Are Assets That Can Be Transferred – A patent can be sold, in which case the negative right and monopoly associated with the patented invention are transferred to the buyer. When a patent is sold, the buyer’s negative rights may be constrained by licenses granted by previous owners. |
More recently, several developments have increased opportunities for patent monetization and created an environment that is more favorable to investing in patents for the purpose of generating financial returns. These developments include:
• | Improved Search Capabilities – The entire database of United States patents is searchable on the Internet, enabling patent investors to quickly identify patents and their owners. The Internet also makes it much easier for patent owners to identify and research products and services that may practice the claims of their patented inventions. |
• | Increasing Rate of Issuance of Technology Patents – Patents issued with class code identifiers that we classify as technology-related patents have nearly doubled in the past 10 years. |
• | Overlap of Technology Patents – Because inventors can patent incremental improvements to existing inventions, multiple patents can apply to individual components of a product or service. Consequently, multiple patent owners may seek to extract license fees related to a single product or service. One example of this overlap of patents is semiconductor technology known as DRAM. Today, there are several thousand issued United States patents with “DRAM” specifically listed as a claim element. These DRAM patents span design, fabrication, testing and component technology including dies, capacitors, memory cells, transistors, integrated circuits, substrates and packaging. Each of those aspects may be covered by multiple patents that could be infringed by a DRAM semiconductor device or downstream product. Potential infringement of these patents could occur by anyone who designs, makes, uses or sells a product using this technology. |
• | Technology Convergence – Complex products, such as smartphones, incorporate numerous technology components, and a constantly expanding set of features and services, including touchscreens, Internet access, streaming video, media playback, app downloads, and Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and other connectivity options. The addition of features and services often exposes these products to additional claims of patent infringement. |
• | Technology Diffusion – As the costs of certain technologies decline — especially computing and communications technologies — these technologies are often integrated into previously discrete products. For example, it is increasingly common to find Internet connectivity embedded into devices such as thermostats, security cameras, and garage door openers. The diffusion of new, patented technologies into these products may expose these products to claims of patent infringement. |
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• | More Companies Employing Patented Technologies – A growing number of companies, including non-technology companies, make, use and sell products or services that utilize patented inventions. For example, consumer banks now offer online and mobile banking and bill pay as a standard feature, which rely on numerous complex technologies that may be subject to many patents. |
• | Specialized Appellate Court for Patent Cases – The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit was created in 1982 to serve as the central appellate venue for patent-related cases. We believe this centralization of patent-related appeals has resulted in a more uniform application of patent law. In addition, various federal district courts have adopted patent-specific rules of procedure to facilitate patent litigation. These factors have created a more attractive environment for patent assertions. |
These developments have caused significant capital to flow to companies specifically formed to acquire and monetize patent assets.
Emergence and Growth of Non-practicing Entities ("NPEs")
NPEs do not create or sell products or services that "practice" the claims of their patented inventions, but instead monetize patents through sale, licensing agreements, or the pursuit of litigation settlements. Some NPEs obtain patents through their own research and development efforts, while others accumulate patents through acquisitions. NPEs have become a major factor in the patent market and an important source of liquidity for patent owners.
Operating companies can incur significant costs to defend themselves against patent assertions by NPEs. At a minimum, companies faced with an assertion letter typically respond to the assertion letter and evaluate the patents being asserted. If the assertion proceeds to litigation, costs grow substantially. Because NPEs generally do not create or sell their own products or services, they are not susceptible to counter-assertion, a common defensive strategy in patent disputes between operating companies.
We believe that the amount of capital raised by NPEs is currently in the billions of dollars. Some of the large awards and settlements received by NPEs have resulted in extensive media coverage, contributing to a significant influx of capital into the patent market. NPE activity has decreased appreciably in the United States over the past few years, partially due to Patent Trial and Appeal Board challenges, as well as court decisions like the Supreme Court's 2014 decision in Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International. As a result, the risk that operating companies face from NPEs in some sectors has also decreased appreciably. However, as of December 31, 2017, more than 4,700 NPEs have been identified by RPX as active either in patent infringement litigation or patent transactions leading to patent litigation since 2005. In addition, many individual inventors and universities are also using litigation or threat of litigation to monetize patents. The threat of patent litigation brought by NPEs is also moving beyond the United States into jurisdictions such as Germany and China.
Discovery Services Market
Organizations across the world spend billions of dollars each year on the legal discovery process through internal discovery service resources or through outsourced options such as law firms or businesses that offer distinct discovery support services.
The proliferation of documents generated through electronic communications and office software products as well as increasing regulations and changes in discovery protocols around the world is accelerating growth in the discovery services. Additionally, we believe the evolution of other jurisdictions towards the United States discovery model will translate into increased growth in the international discovery services industry. We expect a majority of this expected growth to come from corporations as the buying decision for discovery services continues to shift toward the principal or litigant as opposed to external legal counsel.
Our Services and Benefits to Our Clients
Patent Risk Management Services
We have pioneered an approach to help operating companies mitigate patent risk and expense by serving as an intermediary through which they can participate more efficiently in the patent market. Clients that join our network and subscribe to our membership pay an annual subscription fee and gain access to our patent risk management services. The subscription fee is typically either based on a rate card that is calculated using a client’s revenue or operating income with adjustments for changes in the Consumer Price Index and other factors or a fixed fee that is risk-adjusted based on the client's patent risk profile. These fees remain generally in place over the term of a membership. By offering a predictable annual fee that does not change based on our patent asset acquisitions, we divorce the amount of fees charged from the value of our patent assets. We believe our pricing structure creates an alignment of interests with our clients, allowing us to be a trusted intermediary for operating companies in the patent market.
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Defensive Patent Acquisition
The core of our patent risk management services is defensive patent acquisition, in which we acquire patents, licenses to patents, patent rights, and agreements for covenants not to sue, which we collectively refer to as "patent assets." These patent assets are being or may be asserted against our current and prospective clients. When we acquire patent assets, we generally provide to our clients non-exclusive sub-licenses to those patent assets. We acquire patent assets from multiple parties, including operating companies, individual inventors, NPEs, universities, and bankruptcy trustees. We also acquire patent assets in different contexts, including when they are made available for sale or license by their owners or to resolve threatened or pending litigation against our clients or prospective clients.
We have not asserted and will not assert our patents. We have never initiated patent infringement litigation, and our clients receive guarantees that we will never assert patents against them. We consider this guarantee to be of paramount importance in establishing trust with our clients. In addition, because we have minimal risk from infringement claims, we are able to engage in more transparent discussions regarding the value of patent assets with patent owners. Our ability to engage in transparent discussions with both operating companies and patent owners allows us to act as an effective intermediary between participants in the patent market. As a result, we provide a conduit through which value can flow between market participants at lower transaction costs than is typically the case when patents are monetized through litigation or the threat of litigation.
As a part of our patent risk management services, we provide extensive patent market intelligence and data to our clients. Clients can access this market intelligence and data through our proprietary web portal and through discussions with our client services team. This market intelligence and data helps our clients better understand past and potential patent acquisition transactions, relevant litigation activity, and key participants and trends in the patent market. In a market with limited publicly available data on pricing and terms of licenses and litigation settlement, we believe our data and market intelligence is a valuable resource for our clients and prospects.
Insurance
Our patent infringement litigation expense insurance service is designed to give businesses greater control of the unpredictable financial impact of patent litigation. We believe that our access to historical data on patent transactions, litigations, and settlements uniquely enables us to assess and price the insurance based on a company’s risk profile. We assume a portion of the underwriting risk on insurance policies that we issue on behalf of third party underwriters. The insurance product enables policyholders to better manage and mitigate the risk of patent litigation. Pricing is based on an actuarial model that calculates an individual client’s insurance premium based on its projected annual frequency (i.e., number of claims during the policy term) and severity (i.e., the expenses it might incur to resolve a claim).
Benefits to Our Patent Risk Management Clients
In general, operating companies join our network to reduce their risk of patent litigation and the expected costs associated with patent risk management. In exchange for an annual subscription fee, which in some instances has been less than the costs of a single patent assertion, our clients gain access to the following benefits:
• | Reduced Risk of Patent Litigation – Clients reduce their exposure to patent litigation because we continuously assess patent assets available for sale or license and acquire many that are being or may be asserted against our clients or potential clients. Our clients have no litigation risk related to the patents that we own. |
• | Cost-Effective Licenses – Our annual subscription fee is typically based on a client’s historical financial results or a fixed fee which is risk-adjusted for the client's general patent risk profile, which provides predictability for us and our clients. We believe our approach is different than the pricing strategies of traditional patent licensing businesses, which generally negotiate license fees based on the perceived relevance of their various patent portfolios to each licensee. We believe our approach to pricing also provides clients with non-exclusive license rights to our large and growing portfolio of patent assets at a lower cost than they would have paid if these patent assets were owned by other entities. |
• | Reduced Patent Risk Management Costs – Clients can reduce their ongoing patent risk management costs by supplementing their internal resources with our database of information and extensive transaction experience relating to the patent market. We actively monitor the patent market to understand the availability of patent assets for sale or license, the identity of the owners and licensors of these assets, the terms by which they may be available and the technologies to which these assets apply. We also track relevant litigation activity and identify key participants and trends in the patent market. As part of their subscription, our clients have access to this information through our proprietary web portal and through discussions with our client services team. |
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Discovery Services
Our managed services model helps our clients effectively minimize operational burden, risk, and the overall cost of the legal discovery process. Our technology allows us to host millions of documents for review across multiple geographies. We offer our clients any or all of the following services:
• | Data Collection and Forensics - We offer multiple collection platforms and techniques aimed at harvesting potentially relevant data in the most cost effective ways. We have trained internal experts and partners available to perform data collection in conformance with country-specific data protection laws. |
• | Data Processing and Analytics - We offer advanced data filtering techniques and processing services using various sophisticated third-party software, data analytics, and technology assisted review. |
• | Data Hosting - Clients have access to technology-enabled document review software. |
• | Project Management - Internal subject matter experts trained in discovery procedures and protocols are available to assist clients with project setup and configuration, and to help clients navigate and utilize industry best practices. Our project management experts have a unique combination of legal acumen and technical expertise to deliver the most efficient services to our clients. |
• | Production - We offer high volume data production capacity and printing, copying, and scanning services. |
• | Document Review Services - We utilize a variable workforce model to manage and staff the activities required to review large document collections in legal matters. These tasks include sourcing qualified legal professionals for project-based work, developing appropriate review protocols and quality control procedures, and providing guidance to outside counsel throughout the various stages of the complex discovery process. |
Information Technology
Our software and technology infrastructure allows us to provide secure, high-reliability capabilities to our clients such as high volume data intake, data hosting, and data review platforms. Our network infrastructure is a key component of our technology footprint since our review services offering is within our private hosted environment where we manage significant volumes of client data across thousands of client matters. Client matters may entail millions of documents, terabytes of data and complex structured data from databases as well as unstructured data from email archives. We operate data centers domestically and internationally that provide secure access to our software environment and client databases. Information security is critically important given the sensitive nature of the data provided by our clients.
Benefits to Our Discovery Services Clients
Corporations and law firms seek our discovery services to organize responsive data for various types of legal and compliance matters in a legally defensible manner, thereby reducing both litigation risk and cost. In exchange for our discovery services fees, our clients receive the following benefits:
• | Reduced Cost of Litigation – Clients reduce their litigation costs by using our technology-enabled services to eliminate redundant data and organize it in a manner that reduces the number of responsive documents that need to be reviewed by attorneys, which is typically the single largest cost of most legal matters. In addition, our technology allows the client to repurpose previously processed data from individual custodians that may be responsive to multiple matters, thereby compounding cost savings and administration time. |
• | Increased Visibility into the Discovery Process – We use a managed service model to offer our proprietary discovery services management platform, which adds clarity, visibility, and efficiency to our clients' legal discovery process. Seamless integration with industry-leading third-party applications helps our clients focus on critical information early in the litigation life cycle through efficient access to important data. |
• | Secure Hosting of Data – Our clients' electronic data is stored in a secure, monitored environment. We maintain strict security standards and procedures to protect our clients' sensitive, and often confidential, information. |
• | Access to Support Services – Our global network of trained experts help our clients maximize their use of our software tools. We have experienced personnel in major markets across the country and internationally in order to provide localized support that is responsive to our clients' needs. |
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Our Strategy
Our mission is to reduce risk and cost for corporate legal departments through data-driven decision-making, technology, and market-based solutions. A significant part of that mission is to transform the patent market by establishing RPX as the essential intermediary between patent owners and operating companies and by providing complementary technology-focused discovery services. Our strategy includes the following:
• | Growing Our Client Network – We intend to grow our client network by developing relationships with companies that have experienced patent litigation, often initiated by NPEs, or the need for discovery services, and continuing to demonstrate the value of our services. |
• | Acquiring Additional Patent Assets – We intend to continue to acquire patent assets that are being or may be asserted against current and prospective clients and to increase our role and expertise in the patent market. We believe our disciplined approach to valuing and acquiring patent assets will allow us to continue to deploy our capital in an efficient and effective manner to maximize the patent risk management benefits to our clients. |
• | Focusing on Client Services – We intend to deliver the highest levels of service and support to our clients to build and maintain trusted relationships and high levels of client retention. |
• | Developing Proprietary Technology Services for Our Clients – We intend to continue to enhance our proprietary web portal to provide our clients with the most current intelligence and data on patent acquisition opportunities, relevant litigation activity and key market participants and trends that affect their patent risk exposure. We also continually improve our discovery services to maximize throughput and improve analytical capabilities. |
• | Syndicated Transactions – On certain occasions, clients ask us to acquire patent assets that we would not otherwise purchase using our capital (due to the size or limited applicability of the portfolio). In these instances, we facilitate syndicated transactions that include contributions from participating clients in addition to their annual subscription fees. Similar to other acquisitions, these syndicated deals are designed to efficiently share resources and collectively reduce litigation risk. Transaction participants may pay a fee to RPX for structuring, negotiating and executing the transactions. |
• | Offering Patent Infringement Litigation Insurance – We offer insurance policies for businesses interested in management of their exposure to patent infringement claims. |
• | Deterring Abusive Patent Assertion Practices - We believe we can improve the efficiency of the patent market, lower unnecessary costs, and deter abusive patent assertion practices by performing systematic, high quality prior art searches on asserted patents, challenging the validity of low quality patents at the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and performing other activities to improve patent quality. |
• | Enhancing Our Capabilities Through Complementary Acquisitions – We occasionally evaluate the potential acquisition of businesses and technologies in adjacent markets that can enhance our capabilities and offerings to our clients. |
• | Expand Our International Operations – We will continue to investigate expansionary efforts for our patent risk management and discovery services to allow us to help our current and future clients manage litigation risks and legal costs internationally. |
Our Client Network
Patent Risk Management Client Network
We have built a network of clients that includes some of the world’s most prominent technology companies, as well as many smaller and emerging companies. As of December 31, 2017, we had more than 330 patent risk management clients, consisting of our patent risk management network members and insurance clients. We provide patent risk management services to approximately 450 companies, including those insured under policies sold to venture funds and industry trade associations.
We believe our patent risk management services are broadly applicable to companies that design, make or sell technology-based products and services as well as to companies that use technology in their businesses. Our clients are active in a broad range of industries including automotive, consumer electronics, personal computers, e-commerce, financial services, software, media content and distribution, mobile communications and handsets, networking and semiconductors.
Client Services
Our client services team identifies potential clients by prioritizing operating companies that have been subject to patent infringement claims initiated by NPEs. The membership team is responsible for educating potential clients on the benefits of our patent risk management services and explaining how these services mitigate patent risk and reduce
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expense. After we have communicated our business model to a prospective client, we continue to work to develop a relationship of trust with the executives responsible for patent-related matters. We do this in part by providing information to each client on the overall patent market as well as specific updates on patent activity that affect their industry and company. We proactively monitor litigation activity and patent transactions that impact these prospective clients. In addition, we conduct a variety of marketing efforts to establish ourselves as a leading source of information in the patent market, including industry conferences and seminars, public relations, and industry research.
After a company has become a client, the relationship is also handled by our client services team. The client services team maintains frequent dialogue with senior executives of our clients so we can better understand their patent risk profiles. We also proactively monitor litigation and patent sales activity related to each of our clients to help us direct our patent asset acquisition efforts. Our continued success and our ability to retain clients depend on our clients perceiving risk from NPEs and on our ability to demonstrate that our patent risk management services reduce their costs in patent matters.
Our client services team also provides clients with patent market intelligence and updates on our patent asset acquisitions over the term of their memberships. We provide this information through direct discussions with our clients and also share information with them through our proprietary web portal. We believe our frequent interactions allow us to optimize our patent asset acquisition decisions, thus supporting our client retention efforts.
Patent Asset Portfolio and Patent Asset Acquisition
We acquire patent assets that are being or may be asserted against current or prospective clients. As of December 31, 2017, we had deployed approximately $2.4 billion of our capital and the capital of our clients to acquire patent assets. Of this amount, deployment of our capital totaled approximately $1.1 billion. Since inception, approximately three-fourths of our $1.1 billion patent acquisition capital has been deployed for the purchase of patent rights and the balance deployed for the purchase of patents. Acquisitions of patent rights generally benefit only those operating companies that are clients at the time of the acquisition, whereas acquisitions of patents may benefit both current and future clients. Our patent asset acquisition efforts have been broadly diversified across the following market sectors: automotive, consumer electronics, personal computers, e-commerce, financial services, software, media content and distribution, mobile communications and handsets, networking and semiconductors.
The substantial majority of our 440 acquisitions through December 31, 2017 involved patent assets that we believed were relevant to multiple clients and/or prospective clients and were funded with our own capital resources. We occasionally identify patent assets that cost more than we are prepared to spend of our own capital resources or that may be relevant only to a very small number of clients. In these circumstances, we may structure and coordinate a transaction in which certain of our clients contribute funds that are in addition to their subscription fees in order to acquire those patent assets. We refer to such transactions as syndicated acquisitions. These syndicated acquisitions may secure rights just for those clients who elect to participate in the transaction or, if we contribute capital, may secure rights for all of our clients.
We apply a disciplined and proprietary methodology to valuing patents that is based primarily on our judgment regarding the costs our clients might incur from potential assertions of those patents if we were not to acquire them. A number of factors are involved in our valuation methodology, including the degree to which patent claims may describe technologies incorporated in clients’ products or services, pricing expectations that we obtain from open market activities, the revenues our clients generate from products or services potentially affected by the patents, the extent to which the patents would be attractive to NPEs, and the legal quality of the patents and their likely validity. As part of our approach, we also consider the degree to which we have already acquired patent assets in similar market sectors that were being or may be asserted against each of our clients. We also closely monitor new case law and new legislation that can affect the underlying patent value.
Because each acquisition of a patent asset may create value for more than one client, we believe our acquisitions of patent assets create a network effect: expanding our portfolio of patent assets results in greater patent risk mitigation for our clients, which we believe leads to greater opportunities to retain and grow our membership base.
Our patent analysts, our patent acquisitions team, and our patent acquisitions approval committee employ a rigorous and disciplined approach to evaluating acquisition opportunities.
In situations where patents are already being asserted or litigated against our current or prospective clients, the evaluation process begins with a detailed review of the patents. Depending on the value of the transaction, the complexity of the evaluation process, the number of patent assets in the portfolio, and the quality of the information provided by the seller or plaintiff, the patent acquisition process can range from as short as several weeks to more than six months.
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We believe our position as a leading acquirer of patent assets gives us extensive access and visibility into the patent market. We closely track patent assets that become available on the market and, as of December 31, 2017, we had reviewed more than 9,300 patent portfolios since our inception. We believe our position in the market gives us direct access to a diverse group of patent sources, including brokers, individuals, companies, universities and law firms, all of which are familiar with our approach and acquisition criteria. We believe this familiarity provides us early notice of patent portfolios that are entering the market.
Discovery Services Client Network
Historically, in-house corporate legal departments of major corporations and top-tier law firms have demonstrated the most significant need for our discovery services. We have key relationships with Fortune 500 and other large domestic and multinational corporations in a variety of industries including financial services, energy and utilities, healthcare and pharmaceuticals, technology, telecommunications, retailers, and others. We also provide services to Am Law 100 firms domestically, Magic Circle firms in the United Kingdom, and leading regional and specialty law firms domestically and internationally. As of December 31, 2017, we had over 1,000 discovery services clients.
Competition
Patent Risk Management
In our efforts to attract new clients and retain existing clients, our patent risk management services compete primarily against established patent risk management strategies within those companies. Companies employ a variety of other strategies to attempt to manage their patent risk, including internal buying or licensing programs, cross-licensing arrangements, patent-buying consortiums or other patent-buying pools and engaging legal counsel to defend against patent assertions. As a result, we spend considerable resources educating our existing and prospective clients on the potential benefits of our services and the value and cost savings they provide.
In addition to competing for new clients, we also compete to acquire patent assets. Our primary competitors in the market for patent assets are other entities that seek to accumulate patent assets, including NPEs such as Wi-LAN, Allied Security Trust, and PanOptis. We also face competition for patent assets from operating companies, including current or potential clients that seek to acquire patents or license patent assets in connection with new or existing product offerings.
We believe we compete favorably with other patent risk management services based on a number of factors:
• | our alignment of interest and strong relationships with our clients resulting from our pricing structure and guarantee never to assert our patent assets against our clients; |
• | our ability to reduce the costs associated with patent market transactions by engaging in more transparent negotiations based on the economic value of patent assets rather than discussions involving litigation or the threat of litigation; |
• | our ability to increase efficiency and expand our role in the patent market as our client network and capital available for patent asset acquisitions grows; |
• | our access to data regarding our analysis of the patent market and patent litigation; and |
• | our extensive patent market expertise, relationships, and transaction experience. |
Discovery Services
The discovery services market is highly fragmented, extremely competitive, and continually changing as technology and the legal and regulatory environments evolve around the world. Our competitors include larger businesses that offer a distinct discovery service offering such as Epiq, KLDiscovery, Consilio, and FTI Consulting. We also compete with smaller regional discovery services businesses as well as discovery services practices inside large and mid-sized law firms and professional services firms. Competition is primarily based on quality of service, level of data security, geographic reach, technology innovation, and pricing. We believe we generally compete favorably with other discovery services in these factors.
Intellectual Property
We rely primarily on a combination of confidentiality, license and other contractual provisions and trademark, trade secret and copyright law to protect our proprietary intellectual property rights. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or obtain and use our technology. We rely on an internal team as well as third-party vendors and advisors to assist with the maintenance and prosecution of the patent assets and applications that we acquire.
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Employees
As of December 31, 2017, we had 300 employees. Of the total employees, 111 are engaged in discovery services operations, 85 in sales, marketing and corporate development, 53 in legal, finance, and administration, 26 in patent acquisition and research, and 25 in system development and information technology. Of these employees, approximately 85% were employed in the United States and approximately 15% were employed internationally. None of our employees is represented by a labor union, and we consider current employee relations to be good.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated in Delaware in July 2008. Our principal executive offices are located at One Market Plaza, Suite 1100, San Francisco, California 94105. Our telephone number is (866) 779-7641. Our website address is www.rpxcorp.com. The information on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
RPX ® and Rational Patent ® are registered trademarks of RPX Corporation. Any other trademarks appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of their respective holders.
We have two operating segments: patent risk management and discovery services. A summary of our financial information by geographic location is found in Note 16, “Segment Reporting,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8, "Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report.
Available Information
Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available free of charge on the Investor Relations section of our Web site at www.rpxcorp.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The public may read and copy any materials filed with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Room 1580, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy, and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. The other information posted on our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Item 1A. | Risk Factors. |
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below before making a decision to buy our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations or growth prospects could be harmed. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment in our common stock. The risks described below are not the only risks facing us. Risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, and growth prospects.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
We may experience significant quarterly fluctuations in our operating results due to a number of factors, which make our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations.
Due to our limited operating history, our evolving business model and the unpredictability of our emerging industry, certain of our operating results have fluctuated significantly in the past and may fluctuate significantly in the future. Many of the factors that cause these fluctuations are outside of our control. The amount we spend to acquire patent assets, the characteristics of the assets acquired and the timing of those acquisitions may result in significant quarterly fluctuations in our capital expenditures and our financial results, and the amount and timing of our membership sales may result in significant fluctuations in our cash flow on a quarterly basis. In addition, we do not believe that our rate of growth since inception is representative of anticipated future revenue growth, and we have experienced year-over-year declines in revenue in the most recent periods and may continue to experience year-over-year declines in the future. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. You should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance.
In addition to the factors described above and elsewhere in this Item 1A, other factors that may affect our operating results include:
• | changes in our subscription fee rates or changes in our own pricing and discounting policies or those of our competitors; |
• | decreases in our clients’ and prospective clients’ costs of litigating patent infringement claims; |
• | changes in the accounting treatment associated with how we recognize revenue under subscription agreements; |
• | the emergence of commercially successful new technology sectors with exposure to patents; the availability of patent portfolios that apply to these products and services; and the aggressiveness of NPEs and other licensors in monetizing their portfolios; |
• | our inability to effectively develop and implement new services that meet client requirements in a timely manner; |
• | the addition or loss of discovery services clients and projects which are difficult to predict and may result in material changes in quarterly revenue and costs, and in particular a decrease in revenue during 2018; |
• | non-renewals from existing clients for any reason; |
• | changes in patent law and regulations and other legislation, as well as United States Patent and Trademark Office procedures or court rulings, that reduce the value of our services to our existing and potential clients; |
• | our expansion into new international markets; |
• | lower subscription fees from clients whose annual subscription fees decrease due to declining operating income or revenue of such clients, the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates, or decreased NPE risk; |
• | changes in the accounting treatment associated with our acquisitions of patent assets and how we amortize those patent assets; |
• | our inability to acquire patent assets that are being asserted or may be asserted against our clients due to lack of availability, unfavorable pricing terms or otherwise; |
• | our lengthy and unpredictable membership sales cycle, including delays in potential clients’ decisions whether to subscribe to our patent risk management services; |
• | our acquisition of patent assets with a shorter estimated useful life that increases our near-term patent asset amortization expense and decreases our earnings; |
• | loss of clients, including through acquisitions or consolidations; |
• | losses incurred as a result of claims made on insurance policies underwritten or assumed by us; |
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• | our inability to retain key personnel; |
• | increases in operating expenses, including those attributable to additional headcount, or the costs of new business initiatives, and our acquisition of Inventus; |
• | other matters related to our acquisition of Inventus and the expansion of our business into discovery services; |
• | any significant changes in the competitive dynamics of our markets, including new competitors or substantial discounting of services that are viewed by our target markets as competitive to ours; |
• | increases in the prices we need to pay to acquire patent assets; |
• | gains or losses realized as a result of our sale of patents, including upon the exercise by any of our clients of their limited right to purchase certain of our patent assets for defensive purposes in the event of a patent infringement suit brought against such client by a third party; and |
• | adverse economic conditions in the industries that we serve, particularly as they affect the intellectual property risk management and/or litigation budgets of our existing or potential clients. |
If our operating results in a particular quarter do not meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors, our stock price could be substantially affected. In particular, if our operating results fall below expectations, our stock price could decline substantially.
The market for our patent risk management services is evolving, and if these services are not widely accepted or if demand for these services is not sustained, our operating results will be adversely affected.
We have derived substantially all of our revenue from the sale of memberships to our patent risk management services and we expect this will continue for the foreseeable future. As a result, widespread acceptance of these services is critical to our future success. The market for patent risk management services is evolving and it is uncertain whether these services will achieve and sustain high levels of demand and market acceptance. Our success will depend, to a substantial extent, on the willingness of companies of all sizes to purchase and renew memberships as a way to reduce their patent litigation costs. If companies do not perceive the cost-savings benefits of patent risk management services, then wide market adoption of our patent risk management services will not develop, or it may develop more slowly than we expect. Either scenario would adversely affect our operating results in a significant way. Factors that may negatively affect wide market acceptance of these services, as well as our ability to obtain new clients and renew existing clients, include:
• | reduced assertions from non-practicing entities ("NPEs") or decreased patent licensing fees owed to NPEs; |
• | limitations on the ability of NPEs to bring patent claims or limitations on the potential damages recoverable from such claims; |
• | reduced cost to our clients of defending patent assertion claims; |
• | uncertainty about our ability to significantly reduce patent litigation costs for a particular company; |
• | lack of perceived relevance and value in our existing patent asset portfolio by existing or potential clients; |
• | concerns by existing or potential clients about our future ability to obtain rights to patent assets that are being or may be asserted against them; |
• | reduced incentives to renew memberships if clients have vested into perpetual licenses in all patent assets that they believe are materially relevant to their businesses; |
• | lack of sufficient interest by mid- and small-size companies in our patent risk management or insurance offerings; |
• | lack of expansion of technology and patent risk to markets that previously have not incorporated, but are currently incorporating, technology into businesses; |
• | reduced incentive for companies to become clients because we do not assert our patent assets in litigation; |
• | concerns that we might change our current business model and assert our patent assets in litigation; |
• | budgetary limitations for existing or potential clients; and |
• | the belief that adequate coverage for the risks and expenses we attempt to reduce is available from alternative products or services. |
The success of our business depends on clients renewing their patent risk subscription agreements, and we do not have an adequate operating history to predict the rate of membership renewals. Any significant decline in our membership renewals could harm our operating results.
Our patent risk services clients have no obligation to renew their subscriptions after the expiration of their initial membership period. We have limited historical data with respect to rates of subscription renewals, so we cannot
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accurately predict renewal rates. As of December 31, 2017, the weighted-average term of our subscription agreements with our current clients since the inception of those agreements was 2.3 years. As our overall membership base grows, we expect our rate of client renewals to decline compared to our historical rate. Our clients may choose not to renew their memberships or, if they do renew, may choose to do so for shorter terms or seek a reduced subscription fee. Many of our subscription agreements provide for one-year renewal periods. As a result, as more of our clients are in renewal periods, the weighted-average term of our subscription agreements has decreased and may continue to decrease further. If our clients do not renew their subscriptions or renew for shorter terms or if we allow them to renew at reduced subscription fees, our revenue may decline and our business may be adversely affected.
Upon initial subscription, our clients receive a term license for the period of their membership to substantially all of the patent assets in our portfolio at the time of subscription. In addition, clients receive term licenses to substantially all of the patent assets we acquire during the period of their membership. Our subscription agreements also typically include a vesting provision that converts a client’s term licenses into perpetual licenses on a delayed, rolling basis as long as the company remains a client. Accordingly, clients who continue to subscribe to our services receive perpetual licenses to an increasing number of our patent assets over time. If we are unable to adequately show clients that we are continuing to obtain additional patent assets that are being or may be asserted against them, clients may choose not to renew their subscriptions once they have vested into a perpetual license to all patent assets they believe are materially relevant to their businesses.
If we are unable to enhance our current services or to develop or acquire new services to provide additional value to our clients and potential clients, our business may be harmed.
In order to attract new clients and retain existing clients, we need to enhance and improve our existing service offering and introduce new services that meet the needs of our clients. We have in the past, and may in the future, seek to acquire or invest in businesses, products or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our services, enhance our technical capabilities or otherwise offer growth opportunities.
The development and implementation of new services will continue to require substantial time and resources, as well as require us to operate businesses that would be new to our organization. These or any other new services may not be introduced in a timely manner or at all. If we do introduce these or any other services, we may be unable to implement such services in a cost-effective manner, achieve wide market acceptance, meet client expectations or generate revenue sufficient to recoup the cost of developing such services. Any new services we introduce may expose us to additional laws, regulations and risks. If we are unable to develop these or other services successfully and enhance our existing services to meet client requirements or expectations, we may not be able to attract or retain clients, and our business may be harmed.
Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects, and potential clients may have concerns regarding the effectiveness of our business model in the future. If companies do not continue to subscribe to our services, our business and operating results will be adversely affected.
We acquired our first patent assets in September 2008, sold our first membership in October 2008, and sold our first insurance policy in August 2012. In addition, we acquired Inventus and its legal discovery services business in January 2016. The legal discovery services business is a relatively new business for us. Therefore, we have not only a limited operating history, but also a limited track record in executing our business model. Our future success depends on acceptance of our services by companies we target to become clients. Our efforts to sell our products to new and existing clients may not continue to be successful. We evaluate our business model from time to time in order to address the evolving needs of our clients and prospective clients, particularly in an industry that continues to develop and change. Our limited operating history may also make it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by companies in rapidly changing industries. If we do not manage these risks successfully, our business and operating results will be adversely affected.
If the market for our services is not sustained, or if competitors introduce new solutions that compete with our services, we may be unable to renew our memberships, sell insurance policies or attract new clients at favorable prices based on the same pricing model we have historically used. In the future, it is possible that competitive dynamics in our market may require us to change our pricing model, reduce our subscription fee rates, or consider adding new pricing programs or discounts, which would likely harm our operating results. In order to attract new clients and retain existing clients, in certain cases we have previously offered, and may in the future offer, discounts or other contractual incentives to clients.
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Our subscription fees from clients may decrease due to factors outside of our control. Any reduction in subscription fees could harm our business and operating results.
Subscription fees are typically reset annually based on a client’s reported revenue and operating income measured as of the end of its last fiscal year or reflect a fixed fee that is risk-adjusted for the client's patent risk profile. If a client pays a subscription fee based on our rate card and is not already paying the minimum due under that rate card experiences reduced operating results, its subscription fee for the next year will decline. As a result, our revenue stream may be affected by conditions outside of our control that impact the operating results of our clients.
Our rate cards generally provide that our subscription fee as a percentage of the client’s operating income decreases as their operating income goes up. In addition, many of our clients’ rate cards are subject to an annual cap. As a result, if one of our clients acquires another client, our future revenue could be reduced as a result of the application of our rate card to the combined entity rather than to each entity separately. Any reduction in subscription fees could harm our business and operating results.
Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606") will have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements and may increase the variability of the revenue recognized from our patent risk management fees from period to period and may reduce the amount of revenue we recognize.
Through December 31, 2017, we recognized revenue in accordance with FASB ASC 605, Revenue Recognition (“ASC 605”) and related authoritative guidance. Effective January 1, 2018, we began recognizing revenue in accordance with ASC 606, which is explained further under the heading "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8, "Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report. Our patent risk management revenue will be materially impacted by the adoption of this new standard due to the identification of multiple performance obligations from our patent risk management membership subscription and the timing and amount of recognition for these separable performance obligations. Specifically, we recognize separate performance obligations under the new standard for certain discrete patent assets transferred to our membership clients (referred to as a "catalyst license") as well as for access to the patent portfolio clients obtain when becoming a member or renewing membership (referred to as a "portfolio access license"). The revenue generated from these additional performance obligations will be recognized at a point in time under ASC 606 as licensing revenue whereas under ASC 605, we generally recognized these membership fees ratably over the term of the customer contract as subscription revenue. Additionally, we will determine whether revenue should be treated on a gross or net basis for these additional separable performance obligations which may result in revenue which is treated on a gross basis under ASC 605 to be treated on a net basis under ASC 606 which reduces our basis in our patent assets. Therefore, the adoption of ASC 606 will increase the variability of revenue recognized from our patent risk management services from period to period as well as reduce revenue and patent assets previously treated on a gross basis under ASC 605 that will be treated on a net basis under ASC 606.
We receive a significant amount of our revenues from a limited number of clients, and if we are not able to obtain membership renewals or continued engagements from these clients, our revenue may decrease substantially.
We receive a significant amount of our revenue from a limited number of clients. For example, during the year ended December 31, 2017, our 10 highest revenue-generating clients accounted for approximately 30% of our total revenue. We expect that a significant portion of our revenue will continue to come from a relatively small number of clients for the foreseeable future. If any of these clients chooses not to remain a client, or if our fees from one of these clients decline, our revenue may correspondingly decrease and our operating results may be adversely affected.
Our membership sales cycles can be long and unpredictable, and our membership sales efforts require considerable time and expense. As a result, our membership sales are difficult to predict and will vary substantially from quarter to quarter, which may cause our cash flow to fluctuate significantly.
Because we operate in a relatively new and unproven market, our membership sales efforts involve educating potential clients about the benefit of our services, including potential cost savings to a company. Potential clients typically undergo a lengthy decision-making process that has, in the past, generally resulted in a lengthy and unpredictable sales cycle. Mid- and small-size companies are generally subject to less patent litigation and we expect even lengthier sales cycles for such companies. We spend substantial time, effort and resources in our membership sales efforts without any assurance that our efforts will produce any membership sales. In addition, subscriptions are frequently subject to budget constraints, multiple approvals, and unplanned administrative, processing and other delays. As a result of these factors, our membership sales in any period are difficult to predict and will likely vary substantially between periods, which may cause our cash flow to fluctuate significantly between periods.
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We recently announced a process to explore and evaluate strategic alternatives to maximize shareholder value, which may result in the use of a significant amount of our management resources or significant costs, and we may not be able to achieve any particular outcome or to fully realize the potential benefit of such alternatives.
In February 2018, we announced that the Board of Directors is conducting a process to explore and evaluate strategic alternatives to maximize shareholder value. The Board has not made any decisions related to any strategic alternatives at this time. No assurances can be made with regard to the timeline for completion of the strategic review, or whether the review will result in any particular outcome. This process may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses, whether or not any particular outcome is achieved.
We acquired Inventus in January 2016, and may acquire or invest in other companies or technologies, which could divert our management’s attention, result in additional dilution to our stockholders, and otherwise disrupt our operations and harm our operating results. We may also be unable to realize the expected benefits and synergies of any acquisitions.
We have in the past and may in the future seek to acquire or invest in businesses, products or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our services, enhance our technical capabilities or otherwise offer growth opportunities. We may not be able to integrate the acquired personnel, operations, and technologies successfully or effectively manage the combined business. The pursuit of potential acquisitions may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating and pursuing suitable acquisitions, whether or not they are consummated.
In addition, we may not achieve the anticipated benefits from the Inventus or another acquisition due to a number of factors, including:
• | difficulties in integrating operations, technologies, services and personnel; |
• | the need to integrate the operations, systems (including accounting, management, information, human resources and other administrative systems), technologies, products, and personnel of each acquired company, which is an inherently risky and potentially lengthy and costly process; |
• | the need to implement or improve controls, procedures, and policies appropriate for a public company at companies that prior to our acquisition may have lacked such controls, procedures, and policies or whose controls, procedures, and policies did not meet applicable legal and other standards; |
• | our dependence on the accounting, financial reporting, operating metrics and similar systems, controls and processes of an acquired business, and the risk that errors or irregularities in those systems, controls, and processes will lead to errors in our consolidated financial statements or make it more difficult to manage the acquired business; |
• | the potential loss of key customers, vendors, and other business partners of the companies we acquire following the announcement of our transaction plans; |
• | the inefficiencies and lack of control that may result if such integration is delayed or not implemented, and unforeseen difficulties and expenditures that may arise as a result; |
• | derivative lawsuits resulting from the acquisition; |
• | risks associated with our expansion into new international markets; |
• | unanticipated costs or liabilities associated with the acquisition; |
• | incurrence of acquisition-related costs; |
• | incurrence of acquisition-related charges; for example, in connection with the preparation of our financial results for the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded an impairment loss of $89.0 million relating to our discovery services goodwill; |
• | diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns; |
• | potential loss of key employees; |
• | additional legal, financial and accounting challenges and complexities in areas such as tax planning and cash management; |
• | use of resources that are needed in other parts of our business; and |
• | use of substantial portions of our available cash to consummate the acquisition. |
Future acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, which could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, if an acquired business fails to meet our expectations, our operating results, business and financial condition may suffer.
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If the Inventus security measures are breached, our discovery services may be perceived as not being secure, clients may curtail or stop using our discovery services, and we may incur significant legal and financial exposure.
We process, store, and transmit large amounts of data, including personal information, for our discovery services clients, and a material security breach would expose us to a risk of loss of this information, litigation, and potential liability. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures.
Our discovery services engagement agreements, including those related to our largest clients, can be terminated by our clients with little or no notice and without penalty, which may cause our operating results to be unpredictable.
Our discovery services clients typically retain us on an engagement-by-engagement basis, rather than under fixed-term contracts; the volume of work performed for any particular client is likely to vary from month to month and year to year, and a major client in one fiscal period may not require or may decide not to use our services in any subsequent fiscal period. Almost all of our discovery services engagement agreements can be terminated by our clients with little or no notice and without penalty. For example, in engagements related to litigation, if the litigation were to be settled, our engagement for those services would no longer be necessary and, therefore, would be terminated. When discovery services engagements are terminated or reduced, we lose the associated future revenues, and we may not be able to recover associated costs or redeploy the affected employees in a timely manner to minimize the negative impact. In addition, our discovery services clients’ ability to terminate engagements with little or no notice and without penalty makes it difficult to predict our operating results for the discovery services segment in any particular fiscal period.
We are dependent on our management team, and the loss of any key member of this team may prevent us from implementing our business plan, which could harm our future growth and operating results.
Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our executive officers and other key personnel. We do not have employment agreements with any of our executive officers or other key management personnel that require them to remain our employees. Therefore, they could terminate their employment with us at any time without penalty. In 2017, a number of our key executive officers left RPX, including our previous chief executive officer, our previous executive vice president, our previous chief financial officer who had subsequently served in another executive role, the previous chief executive officer of Inventus, and our previous chief revenue officer. We do not maintain key person life insurance policies on any of our employees. The loss of one or more of our key employees, including the recent loss of our previous chief executive officer and our other executive officers, and the resulting turnover in our executive management team could seriously harm our business.
Because we generally recognized revenue from membership subscriptions over the term of the membership under ASC 605 through December 31, 2017, upturns or downturns in membership sales may not be immediately reflected in our operating results. As a result, our future operating results may be difficult to predict.
Through December 31, 2017, under ASC 605, we generally recognized subscription fees received from clients ratably over the period of time to which those fees applied. Most of our clients are invoiced annually, and thus their fees were recognized as revenue over the course of 12 months under ASC 605. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed subscriptions in any one quarter will not be fully reflected in that quarter’s revenue and will negatively affect our revenue in future quarters. In addition, we may be unable to adjust our cost structure quickly to reflect this reduced revenue. Accordingly, the effect of either significant downturns in membership sales or rapid market acceptance of our services may not be fully reflected in our results of operations in the period in which such events occur. Our membership subscription model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue through additional sales in any period, as subscription fees from new clients must generally be recognized over the applicable membership term. Effective January 1, 2018, we began recognizing subscription fees under ASC 606 which significantly impacts the timing of revenue recognized as compared to ASC 605 as discussed above.
Our inability to identify, attract, train, integrate and retain highly qualified employees would harm our business.
Our future success depends on our ability to identify, attract, train, integrate and retain highly qualified technical, sales and marketing, managerial and administrative personnel. In particular, our ability to increase our revenue is dependent on our ability to hire personnel who can identify and acquire valuable patent assets and attract new clients. Competition for highly skilled sales, business development and technical individuals is intense, and we continue to face difficulty identifying and hiring qualified personnel in some areas of our business. We may not be able to hire and retain such personnel at compensation levels consistent with our existing compensation and salary structure. Many of the
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companies with which we compete for hiring experienced employees have greater resources than we have. If we fail to identify, attract, train, integrate and retain highly qualified and motivated personnel, our reputation could suffer, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
If we are unable either to identify patent assets that are being asserted or that could be asserted against existing and potential clients or to obtain such assets at prices that are economically supportable within our business model, we may not be able to attract or retain sufficient clients and our operating results would be harmed.
Our ability to attract new clients and renew the subscription agreements of existing clients depends on our ability to identify and acquire patent assets that are being asserted or that could be asserted against our existing or potential clients. There is no guarantee that we will be able to adequately identify those types of patent assets on an ongoing basis and, even if identified, that we will be able to acquire rights to those patent assets on terms that are favorable to us, or at all. As new technological advances occur, some or all of the patent assets we have acquired may become less valuable or obsolete before we have had the opportunity to obtain significant value from those assets.
Our approach to acquiring patent assets generally involves acquiring ownership or a license at a fixed price. Other companies, such as NPEs, often offer contingent payments to sellers of patents that may provide the seller the opportunity to receive greater amounts in the future for the sale of its patents as compared to the fixed price we generally pay. As a result, we may not be able to compete effectively for the acquisition of certain patent assets.
If clients do not perceive that the patent assets we acquire are relevant to their businesses, we will have difficulty attracting new clients and retaining existing clients, and our operating results will be harmed. Similarly, if clients are not satisfied with the amount of capital we deploy to acquire patent assets, they may choose not to renew their subscriptions. These risks are greater if we elect to invest a significant amount of our capital in only a few acquisitions of patent assets.
We rely on various actuarial models in pricing our insurance product and estimating the frequency and severity of related loss events, but actual results could differ materially from the model outputs. Incurring losses that exceed our predictions could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We employ various predictive modeling, stochastic modeling and/or actuarial techniques to analyze and estimate losses and the risks associated with insurance policies that we underwrite or reinsure. We use the modeled outputs and related analyses to assist us in making underwriting, pricing and reinsurance decisions. The modeled outputs and related analyses are subject to numerous assumptions, uncertainties and the inherent limitations of any statistical analysis. Consequently, modeled results may differ materially from our actual experience. If, based upon these models or otherwise, we under price our products or underestimate the frequency and/or severity of loss events, our results of operations or financial condition may be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. If, based upon these models or otherwise, we over price our products or overestimate the risks we are exposed to, new business growth and retention of our existing business may be adversely affected.
We have invested management time and resources into developing products designed to provide insurance against patent infringement claims. We have limited prior experience in designing or providing insurance products. If we are not successful in selling a significant amount of these insurance products, we will not realize the anticipated benefit of these investments, which could have an adverse effect on our growth prospects, and our business may be harmed.
We have invested management time and financial resources in the development of products designed to provide insurance against some of the costs resulting from patent claims. We are providing capital to develop and operate this business. We have limited prior experience in designing insurance products, operating an insurance business, attracting policyholders or establishing the pricing or terms of insurance policies and selling insurance policies in combination with membership subscriptions. We cannot assure you that our patent insurance products will appeal to a sufficient number of our existing clients or attract enough new clients to build a sustainable insurance business. If we are unsuccessful in managing this business, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of our investments of capital and management attention, which could have an adverse effect on our financial performance and growth prospects and our business may be harmed.
New legislation, regulations or court rulings related to enforcing patents could reduce the value of our services to clients or potential clients and harm our business and operating results.
If Congress, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or courts implement additional legislation, regulations or rulings that impact the patent enforcement process or the rights of patent holders, these changes could negatively affect the operating results and business model for NPEs. This, in turn, could reduce the value of our services to our current and potential clients. For example, limitations on the ability to bring patent enforcement claims, limitations on potential liability
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for patent infringement, lower evidentiary standards for invalidating patents, reductions in the cost to resolve patent disputes and other similar developments could negatively affect an NPE’s ability to assert its patent rights successfully, decrease the revenue associated with asserting or licensing an NPE’s patent rights and increase the cost or risk of bringing patent enforcement actions. As a result, assertions and the threat of assertions by NPEs may decrease. If this occurs, companies may seek to resolve patent claims on an individual basis and be less willing to subscribe to our services or renew their memberships. Furthermore, even if companies are interested in subscribing to our services or maintaining their memberships, companies may be unwilling to pay the subscription fees that we propose. Any of these events could result in a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
In addition, future laws and regulations, or judicial interpretations thereof, could affect our discovery services clients and thus indirectly adversely affect our business. For example, changes to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure regarding discovery of "electronically stored information" could result in a decreased need for discovery services. Any of these events could result in a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
Releases of new software products or upgrades to our existing software products or licensed third-party software may have undetected errors, or may not operate as intended or achieve our client's desired objectives, which could cause litigation claims against us, damage to our reputation, or loss of business.
Certain of our discovery services utilize software developed by us or third parties for the needs of our clients. Complex software products, such as those we utilize, can contain undetected errors when first introduced or as new versions are released, or may fail to operate as intended or achieve the client’s desired objectives. Any introduction of new software products or upgrade to existing software products has a risk of undetected errors. These undetected errors may be discovered only after a product has been installed and used either in our internal processing or by our clients. Likewise, the software products we acquire in business acquisitions have a risk of undetected errors. Any undetected errors, difficulties in installing and maintaining our software products or upgrade releases, or the failure to achieve the client's desired objectives, may result in a delay or loss of revenue, diversion of development resources, damage to our reputation, the loss of that client, loss of future business, increased service costs, potential litigation claims against us, or impaired market acceptance of our products.
We may not be able to compete effectively against others in our patent risk management or legal discovery services businesses. Any failure to compete effectively could harm our business and results of operations.
In our efforts to attract new clients and retain existing clients, we compete primarily against established patent risk management strategies employed by those companies. Companies can choose from a variety of other strategies to attempt to manage their patent risk, including internal buying or licensing programs, cross-licensing arrangements, patent-buying consortiums or other patent-buying pools and engaging legal counsel to defend against patent assertions. As a result, we spend considerable resources educating our existing and prospective clients on the potential benefits of our services and the value and cost savings they provide.
In addition to competing for new clients, we also compete to acquire patent assets. Our primary competitors in the market for patent assets are varied and include other entities that seek to accumulate patent assets, including NPEs such as Wi-LAN, Allied Security Trust, and PanOptis. In addition, many NPEs that compete with us to acquire patent assets have complicated corporate structures that include a large number of subsidiaries, so it is difficult for us to know how much capital the related entities have available to acquire patent assets. We also face competition for patent assets from operating companies, including operating companies that are current or prospective clients. Many of these operating companies have significantly greater financial resources than we have and can acquire patent assets at prices that we may not be able to pay.
In addition, the discovery services market is highly fragmented, extremely competitive, and continually changing as technology and the legal and regulatory environments evolve around the world. Our competitors include larger businesses that offer a distinct discovery service offering such as Epiq, KLDiscovery, Consilio, and FTI Consulting. We also compete with smaller regional discovery services businesses as well as discovery services practices inside large and mid-sized law firms and professional services firms. Many of our competitors in this market have a greater national and international presence, as well as have a significantly greater number of personnel, financial, technical, and marketing resources. In addition, these competitors may generate greater revenues and have greater name recognition than we do.
We expect to face more direct competition in the future in both our patent risk management business and legal discovery services business from other established and emerging companies. In addition, as a relatively new company in the patent risk management market and legal discovery services market, we have limited insight into trends that may develop and affect our businesses. As a result, we may make errors in predicting and reacting to relevant business trends, making us unable to compete effectively against others.
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Our current or potential competitors in both our patent risk management business and legal discovery services businesses vary widely in size and in the scope and breadth of the products and services they offer. Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial resources and a larger client base and sales and marketing teams. The competition we face now and in the future could result in increased pricing pressure, reduced margins, increased sales and marketing expenses and a failure to increase, or the loss of, market share. We may not be able to maintain or improve our competitive position against our current or future competitors, and our failure to do so could seriously harm our business.
Certain of our acquisitions of patent assets are time consuming, complex and costly, which could adversely affect our operating results.
Certain of our acquisitions of patent assets are time consuming, complex and costly to consummate. We utilize many different transaction structures in our acquisitions and the terms of the acquisition agreements tend to be very heavily negotiated. As a result, we may incur significant operating expenses during the negotiations even when the acquisition is ultimately not consummated. Even if we successfully acquire particular patent assets, there is no guarantee that we will generate sufficient revenue related to those patent assets to offset the acquisition costs. While we conduct confirmatory due diligence on the patent assets we are considering for acquisition, we may acquire patent assets from a seller who does not have proper title to those assets. In those cases, we may be required to spend significant resources to defend our interests in the patent assets and, if we are not successful, our acquisition may be invalid, in which case we could lose part or all of our investment in the assets.
We occasionally identify patent assets that cost more than we are prepared to spend of our own capital resources or that may be relevant only to a very small number of clients. In these circumstances, we may structure and coordinate a transaction in which certain of our clients contribute funds that are in addition to their subscription fees in order to acquire those patent assets. These syndicated acquisitions are complex and can be large and highly visible. We may incur significant costs to organize and negotiate a syndicated acquisition that does not ultimately result in an acquisition of any patent assets. These higher costs could adversely affect our operating results. Our roles in structuring the acquisition and managing the acquisition entity, if one is used, may expose us to financial and reputational risks.
If we are not perceived as a trusted patent risk manager, our ability to maintain wide market acceptance will be harmed, and our operating results could be adversely affected.
Our reputation, which depends on earning and maintaining the trust of existing and potential clients, is critical to our business. Our reputation is vulnerable to many threats that can be difficult or impossible to control and costly or impossible to remediate. For our business to be successful, we must continue to educate potential clients about our role as a trusted intermediary in the patent market. If our reputation is harmed, we may have more difficulty attracting new clients and retaining existing clients, and our operating results could be adversely affected.
The unavailability of third-party technology could adversely impact our revenue and results of operations.
We license certain discovery-related software from third parties and incorporate such software into our discovery services. Most of our third-party software license contracts expire within one year and may be renewed only by mutual consent. There is no assurance that we will be able to renew these contracts as they expire or that such renewals will be on the same or substantially similar terms or on conditions that are commercially reasonable to us. If we fail to renew these contracts as they expire, our discovery services offerings may be reduced. In addition, our third-party software licenses are non-exclusive, and therefore, our competitors may obtain the right to license certain of the technology covered by these agreements to compete directly with us. In certain situations, our third party software licensors are themselves also our competitors in the discovery services market.
If certain of our third-party licensors were to change product offerings, cease actively supporting the technologies, fail to update and enhance the technologies to keep pace with changing industry standards, encounter technical difficulties in the continuing development of these technologies, significantly increase prices, terminate our licenses, suffer significant capacity or supply chain constraints or suffer significant disruptions, we would need to seek alternative suppliers and incur additional internal or external development costs to ensure continued performance of our discovery services. Such alternatives may not be available on attractive terms, or may not be as widely accepted or as effective as the current licenses provided by our existing suppliers. If the cost of licensing or maintaining the third party intellectual property significantly increases, our operating earnings could significantly decrease. In addition, interruption in functionality of our services and products as a result of changes in or with third party licensors could adversely affect our commitments to clients, future sales, and negatively affect our revenue and operating earnings.
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Interruptions or delays in service at the data centers we utilize for discovery services could impair the delivery of our service and harm our business.
We provide services through computer hardware that is located in co-location data centers operated by unrelated third parties. Although we do own that computer hardware, we do not control the operation of these colocation facilities, which increases our vulnerability to problems with the services they provide. The data centers are subject to damage or interruption from earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, terrorist attacks, telecommunications failures and similar events. These facilities are also subject to break-ins, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism and similar misconduct. The occurrence of any of these events or other unanticipated problems at a facility could result in interruptions in certain of our services, although we have established backup recovery data centers to try to minimize this risk. In addition, the failure by our vendor to provide our required data communications capacity could result in poor service or interruptions in our service. Any damage to, or failure of, our systems or services could reduce our revenue, cause us to issue credits or pay penalties, cause clients to terminate their agreements with us and adversely affect our ability to secure business in the future. Our business will be harmed if our clients and potential clients believe our services are unreliable.
If the value of our goodwill or intangible assets become materially impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings.
We test goodwill for impairment at least annually. If such goodwill is deemed to be impaired, an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the assets would be recognized. We may be required to record a significant charge in our financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill is determined, which would negatively affect our results of operations. For example, in connection with the preparation of our financial results for the fourth quarter of 2017, we concluded that impairment losses of $94.1 million would be recorded in the financial information of the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, $89.0 million of which relates to goodwill in our discovery services segment and the remaining impairment is associated with our cost method investments in our patent risk management segment.
Our business model requires estimates and judgments by our management. Our estimates and judgments are subject to changes that could adversely affect our operating results.
Our patent risk management business model is relatively new and therefore our accounting and tax treatment has limited precedent. The determination of patent asset amortization expense for financial and income tax reporting requires estimates and judgments on the part of management. Some of our patent asset acquisitions are complex, requiring additional estimates and judgments on the part of our management. From time to time, we evaluate our estimates and judgments; however, such estimates and judgments are, by their nature, subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and factors may arise that lead us to change our estimates or judgments. If this or any other changes occur, our operating results may be adversely affected. Furthermore, if the accounting or tax treatment is challenged, we may be required to spend considerable time and expense defending our position and we may be unable to successfully defend our accounting or tax treatment, any of which could adversely affect our business and operating results.
If we fail to manage the risks associated with operating an insurance business, our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.
In August 2012, we began to offer insurance products for patent claims, and therefore face risks associated with the operation of an insurance business. There are many estimates and forecasts involved in predicting underwriting and reinsurance risk and setting premiums, many of which are subject to substantial uncertainty and which could cause our expenses and earnings to vary significantly from quarter to quarter. If we do not estimate our underwriting and reinsurance risks and set our premiums successfully, we may incur larger losses on our policies than we expect, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, while premiums earned from our insurance policies are recognized ratably, losses are recognized as incurred. This will increase the variability of our operating results until such time as our insurance business operates at scale. Furthermore, the insurance market is highly regulated, so operation of an insurance business exposes us to additional laws and regulations. Compliance with such laws and regulations may be costly, which could affect our results of operations.
We may become involved in patent or other litigation proceedings related to our clients. Our involvement could cause us to expend significant resources. It could also require us to disclose information related to our clients, which could cause such clients not to renew their subscriptions with us.
The patent market is heavily impacted by litigation. As a result, we may be required, by subpoena or otherwise, to participate in patent or other litigation proceedings related to our clients. Our participation in any such proceedings could require us to expend significant resources and could also be perceived as adverse to the interests of our clients or potential clients if we are required to disclose any information about our clients that we have gathered in the course of
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their memberships. These additional expenditures and potential disclosures could make it more difficult for us to attract new clients and retain existing clients, and our results of operations could be harmed. We may incur significant costs in defending claims made against us and the result may not be favorable. An unfavorable outcome of any claim could result in proliferation of similar claims against us. The expense and disclosure associated with our involvement in litigation could have an adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
Interpretations of current laws and the passage of future laws could harm our business and operating results.
Because of our presence in an emerging industry, the application to us of existing United States and foreign laws is unclear. Many laws do not contemplate or address the specific issues associated with our patent risk management services or other products and services we may provide in the future. It is possible that courts or other governmental authorities will interpret existing laws regulating risk management and insurance, competition and antitrust practices, taxation, the practice of law and patent usage and transfers in a manner that is inconsistent with our business practices. Our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed if our operations are found to be in violation of any existing laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us. Additionally, existing laws and regulations may restrict our ability to deliver services to our clients, limit our ability to grow and cause us to incur significant expenses in order to comply with such laws and regulations. Even if our business practices are ultimately not affected, we may incur significant cost to defend our actions, incur negative publicity and suffer substantial diversion of management time and effort. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, we face risks from laws that could be passed or changed in the future, including in the United Kingdom as a result of Brexit. Since a significant portion of the regulatory framework in the United Kingdom is derived from EU directives and regulations, Brexit could materially affect the regulatory regime in the United Kingdom. Changes in laws and regulations regarding data protection, privacy, network security, or encryption may affect our discovery services. It is impossible to determine the extent of the impact of any new laws, regulations or initiatives that may be proposed, or whether any of the proposals will become law. Compliance with any new or existing laws or regulations could be difficult and expensive, affect the manner in which we conduct our business and negatively impact our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
Any failure to maintain or protect our patent assets or other intellectual property rights could impair our ability to attract or retain clients and could harm our business and operating results.
Our business is dependent on our ability to acquire patent assets that are valuable to our existing and potential clients. Following the acquisition of patent assets, we expend significant time and resources to maintain the effectiveness of those assets by paying maintenance fees and making filings with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. In some cases, the patent assets we acquire include patent applications which require us to invest resources to prosecute the applications with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. If we fail to maintain or prosecute our patent assets properly, the value of those assets to our clients would be reduced or eliminated, and our business may be harmed.
If we fail to develop widespread brand awareness cost-effectively, we may not attract new clients and our business and operating results may suffer.
We believe that developing and maintaining widespread awareness of our brand in a cost-effective manner is critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our services and is an important element in attracting new clients. Furthermore, we believe that the importance of brand recognition will increase as competition in our market develops. Brand promotion activities may not generate client awareness or yield increased revenue, and even if they do, any increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incurred in building our brand. If we fail to promote and maintain our brand successfully, or if we incur substantial expenses in an unsuccessful attempt to promote and maintain our brand, we may fail to attract or retain clients to the extent necessary to realize a sufficient return on our brand-building efforts.
If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements could be impaired, which could adversely affect our operating results, our ability to operate our business and investors’ views of us.
Ensuring that we have internal financial and accounting controls and procedures adequate to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently. We have in the past discovered, and may in the future discover, areas of our internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that need improvement. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. In particular, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management and our independent registered public accounting firm to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting,
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as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Our compliance with Section 404 requires that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management time on compliance-related issues. While neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm have identified deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, there can be no assurance that material weaknesses will not subsequently be identified. If we are unable to effectively remediate control deficiencies which are identified or are otherwise unable to maintain adequate internal controls over our financial reporting in the future, we may not be able to prepare reliable financial statements and comply with our reporting obligations on a timely basis, which could materially adversely affect our business and subject us to legal and regulatory action.
Global economic conditions may adversely affect demand for our services or fees payable under our subscription agreements, which could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
Our operations and performance depend significantly on worldwide economic conditions. In particular, the economics of countries in Europe have been experiencing weakness associated with high sovereign debt levels, weakness in the banking sector, and uncertainty over the future of the Euro zone, including instability surrounding Brexit. Uncertainty about global economic conditions poses a risk as businesses may postpone spending in response to tighter credit, negative financial news and declines in income or asset values. This response could have a material negative effect on the demand for our services. Furthermore, if our clients experience reduced operating income or revenues as a result of economic conditions or otherwise, it would reduce their subscription fees because those fees are generally reset annually based on the clients’ operating income or revenue. If the subscription fees payable under our subscription agreements are reduced substantially, it would have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, the listing requirements of the NASDAQ Stock Market and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations has increased, and will likely continue to increase, our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly, and place significant strain on our personnel, systems and resources. In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters, higher administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention. Further, if our compliance efforts differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed. Being a public company that is subject to these rules and regulations also makes it more expensive for us to obtain and retain director and officer liability insurance, and we may in the future be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain or retain adequate coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our Board of Directors and qualified executive officers.
If our security measures are breached or unauthorized access to customer data is otherwise obtained, our business may be perceived as not being secure, customers may reduce the use of or stop using our services and we may incur significant liabilities.
Our business involves the storage and transmission of our and our customers’ sensitive proprietary information. As a result, unauthorized access or security breaches could result in the loss of information, litigation, indemnity obligations and other liability. While we have security measures in place that are designed to protect customer information and prevent data loss and other security breaches, if these measures are breached as a result of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, and someone obtains unauthorized access to our data or our our customers’ data, we could face loss of business, regulatory investigations or orders, our reputation could be severely damaged, we could be required to expend significant capital and other resources to alleviate the problem, as well as incur significant costs and liabilities, including due to litigation, indemnity obligations, damages for contract breach, penalties for violation of applicable laws or regulations, and costs for remediation and other incentives offered to customers or other business partners in an effort to maintain business relationships after a breach.
We cannot assure you that any limitations of liability provisions in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from any liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim relating to a security lapse or breach. We also cannot be sure that our existing insurance coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims related to a security breach, or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed
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available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, operating results, and reputation.
Cyber-attacks and other malicious Internet-based activities continue to increase generally. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or users to disclose information to gain access to our data or our customers’ data. If any of these events occur, our or our customers’ information could be accessed or disclosed improperly. Any or all of these issues could negatively affect our ability to attract new customers, cause existing customers to elect to not renew their subscriptions, result in reputational damage or subject us to third-party lawsuits, regulatory fines or other action or liability, which could adversely affect our operating results.
Privacy concerns and laws or other domestic or foreign regulations may reduce the effectiveness of our business and adversely affect our business.
Our business, particularly our discovery services business, may involve the collection, use and storage of certain types of personal or identifying information regarding our customers, their employees and partners. Federal, state and foreign government bodies and agencies have adopted, are considering adopting or may adopt laws and regulations regarding the collection, use, storage and disclosure of personal information obtained from consumers and individuals, such as compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and the recently created EU-U.S. Privacy Shield. The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such laws and regulations that are applicable to the businesses of our customers may limit the use and adoption of our business and reduce overall demand or lead to significant fines, penalties or liabilities for any noncompliance with such privacy laws. Even the perception of privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may inhibit adoption of our business in certain industries.
All of these domestic and international legislative and regulatory initiatives may adversely affect our customers’ ability to process, handle, store, use and transmit demographic and personal information from their employees, customers and partners, which could reduce demand for our business. The European Union (“EU”) and many countries in Europe have stringent privacy laws and regulations, which may affect our ability to operate cost effectively in certain European countries. In particular, the EU has adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) which will go into effect in early 2018 and contains numerous requirements and changes, including more robust obligations on data processors and heavier documentation requirements for data protection compliance programs by companies. Complying with the GDPR may cause us to incur substantial operational costs or require us to change our business practices. Despite our efforts to bring practices into compliance before the effective date of the GDPR, we may not be successful either due to internal or external factors such as resource allocation limitations or a lack of vendor cooperation. Non-compliance could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities or others. We may also experience difficulty retaining or obtaining new European or multi-national customers due to the compliance cost, potential risk exposure, and uncertainty for these entities.
Sales to customers outside the United States or with international operations expose us to risks inherent in international sales.
A key element of our growth strategy is to expand our international operations and develop a worldwide customer base. The combined revenues from non-U.S. regions, based on the country in which the client is domiciled, constituted 41%, 42% and 36% of our total revenues for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and will subject us to regulatory, economic and political risks that are different from those in the United States. Because of our limited experience with international operations, our international expansion efforts may not be successful in creating additional demand for our services outside of the United States or in effectively selling our services in all of the international markets we enter. There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to grow our combined revenues from non-U.S. regions as a percentage of our total revenues. In addition, we will face risks in doing business internationally that could adversely affect our business, including:
• | the need to localize and adapt our services for specific countries, including translation into foreign languages and associated expenses; |
• | data privacy laws that require customer data to be stored and processed in a designated territory; |
• | difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations and working with foreign partners; |
• | different pricing environments, longer sales cycles and longer accounts receivable payment cycles and collections issues; |
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• | new and different sources of competition; |
• | weaker protection for intellectual property and other legal rights than in the United States and practical difficulties in enforcing intellectual property and other rights outside of the United States; |
• | laws and business practices favoring local competitors; |
• | compliance challenges related to the complexity of multiple, conflicting and changing governmental laws and regulations, including employment, tax, privacy and data protection laws and regulations; |
• | increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities; |
• | restrictions on the transfer of funds; |
• | fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could increase the price of our services outside of the United States, increase the expenses of our international operations and expose us to foreign currency exchange rate risk; |
• | adverse tax consequences; and |
• | unstable regional and economic political conditions. |
As we continue to expand our business globally, our success will depend, in large part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other risks associated with our international sales and operations. Our failure to manage any of these risks successfully, or to comply with these laws and regulations, could harm our operations, reduce our sales and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.
We might require additional capital to support our business growth and future patent asset acquisitions, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited.
We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to acquire patent assets, develop new services or enhance our existing service offering, enhance our operating infrastructure and acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings or enter into credit agreements to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital-raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. In addition, we may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, or at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited, which could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
Our results of operations could vary as a result of the methods, estimates and judgments we use in applying our accounting policies.
The methods, estimates and judgments we use in applying our accounting policies have a significant impact on our results of operations, including the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, patent assets, other investments, income taxes, litigation and other intangibles, and other contingencies. Such methods, estimates and judgments are, by their nature, subject to substantial risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and factors may arise over time that lead us to change our methods, estimates and judgments. In addition, actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Changes in those methods, estimates and judgments could significantly affect our results of operations.
We may not be able to continue offering an “A” rated insurance product.
In May 2014, we began offering an “A” rated insurance product. If we are unable to maintain our relationship with one or more “A” rated insurance companies, we may be unable to continue offering an “A” rated insurance product, which could have an adverse effect on new insurance business growth and retention of our existing insurance business.
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Our operations are subject to risks of natural disasters, acts of war, terrorism or widespread illness at our domestic and international locations, any one of which could result in a business stoppage and negatively affect our operating results.
Our business operations depend on our ability to maintain and protect our facility, computer systems and personnel, which are primarily located in the San Francisco Bay Area. The San Francisco Bay Area is in close proximity to known earthquake fault zones. Our facility and transportation for our employees are susceptible to damage from earthquakes and other natural disasters such as fires, floods and similar events. Should earthquakes or other catastrophes such as fires, floods, power outages, communication failures or similar events disable our facilities, we do not have readily available alternative facilities from which we could conduct our business, which stoppage could have a negative effect on our operating results. Acts of terrorism, widespread illness and war could also have a negative effect at our international and domestic facilities and on our operating results.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
The trading price of our common stock has been volatile and is likely to be volatile in the future, and you might not be able to sell your shares at or above the price at which you purchased them.
Since our initial public offering in May 2011, our stock price has traded as high as $31.41 per share and as low as $8.55 per share. Further, our common stock has a limited trading history and an active trading market for our common stock may not be sustained in the future. The market price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include those discussed in this “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and others such as:
• | variations in our financial condition and operating results; |
• | the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in these projections or our failure to meet these projections; |
• | changes in the estimates of our operating results or changes in recommendations by any securities analysts that elect to follow our common stock; |
• | addition or loss of significant clients; |
• | adoption or modification of laws, regulations, policies, procedures or programs applicable to our business, including those related to the enforcement of patent claims; |
• | announcements of technological innovations, new products and services, acquisitions, strategic alliances or significant agreements by us or by our competitors; |
• | factors regarding the previously-announced process to explore and evaluate strategic alternatives to maximize shareholder value; |
• | recruitment or departure of members of our Board of Directors, management team or other key personnel; |
• | market conditions in our industry; |
• | the impact of macroeconomic, market, and political factors and trends, including in light of Brexit, and other recent political developments; |
• | price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market or resulting from inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares; |
• | lawsuits threatened or filed against us; |
• | any change in our quarterly dividend or stock repurchase program; |
• | sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders; and |
• | the opening or closing of our employee trading window. |
In recent years, the stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the changes in the operating performance of the companies whose stock is experiencing those price and volume fluctuations. Broad market and industry factors may seriously affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.
Substantial future sales of shares by existing stockholders, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause our stock price to decline, even if our business is doing well.
If our existing stockholders, particularly our directors and executive officers, sell substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or are perceived by the public market as intending to sell substantial amounts of our common stock, the trading price of our common stock could decline.
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In addition, shares that are subject to outstanding options or that may be granted in the future under our equity plans will be eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting agreements and Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act.
If any of these additional shares described are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline.
As a public company, our stock price has been volatile, and securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility of their stock price. Any such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.
In the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of particular companies’ securities, securities class action litigation has been instituted against these companies. Our stock has been volatile and may continue to be volatile. If instituted against us, securities litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources, which could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and stock price.
Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company and may affect the trading price of our common stock.
We are a Delaware corporation and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, even if a change in control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a change in our management or control over us that stockholders may consider favorable. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws:
• | authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that could be issued by our Board of Directors to thwart a takeover attempt; |
• | establish a classified Board of Directors, as a result of which the successors to the directors whose terms have expired will be elected to serve from the time of election and qualification until the third annual meeting following their election; |
• | require that directors only be removed from office for cause and only upon a majority stockholder vote; |
• | provide that vacancies on our Board of Directors, including newly created directorships, may be filled only by a majority vote of directors then in office; |
• | limit who may call special meetings of stockholders; |
• | prohibit stockholder action by written consent, requiring all actions to be taken at a meeting of the stockholders; |
• | do not provide stockholders with the ability to cumulate their votes; |
• | require supermajority stockholder voting to effect certain amendments to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws; and |
• | require advance notification of stockholder nominations and proposals. |
Our stock repurchase program could affect the price of our common stock and increase volatility and may be suspended or terminated at any time, which may result in a decrease in the trading price of our common stock.
In February 2015, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program of up to $75.0 million. In March 2016 and May 2016, our Board of Directors further increased the amount authorized to repurchase by $25.0 million and $50.0 million, respectively, to an aggregate authorized amount of $150.0 million. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, corporate and regulatory requirements, an assessment by management and our Board of Directors of cash availability and other market conditions. The program may be suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice. Repurchases pursuant to our stock repurchase program could affect the price of our common stock and increase its volatility. The existence of our stock repurchase program could also cause the price of our common stock to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our common stock. There can be no assurance that any stock repurchases will enhance stockholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we repurchased such shares. Any failure to repurchase shares after we have announced our intention to do so may negatively impact our reputation and investor confidence in us and may negatively impact our stock price. Although our stock repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program's effectiveness.
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Our quarterly dividend is new and modest in amount, and consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will continue to depend primarily on appreciation in the price of our common stock.
On October 30, 2017, we announced that we will pay a quarterly cash dividend of $0.05 per share, the first of which we paid on December 5, 2017, to shareholders of record on November 20, 2017. Previously, we had never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. Our quarterly dividend is new and modest in amount. Consequently, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the primary way to realize any future gains on their investments. There is no guarantee that shares of our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our stockholders have purchased their shares.
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments. |
None
Item 2. | Properties. |
Our properties consist of leased office facilities for sales, support, administrative, and other functions. We currently lease approximately 49,000 square feet of office space for our corporate headquarters in one location in San Francisco, California pursuant to a lease agreement that expires in October 2019. We also lease other facilities for current use consisting of approximately 69,000 square feet in the United States and abroad. Less than 20% of our total leased space is sublet. We believe that our current facilities are suitable and adequate to meet our current needs. We believe that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed to accommodate any potential expansion of our operations.
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings. |
From time to time, we may be a party to various litigation claims in the normal course of business. Legal fees and other costs associated with such actions are expensed as incurred. We assess, in conjunction with our legal counsel, the need to record a liability for litigation or contingencies. A liability is recorded when and if it is determined that such a liability for litigation or contingencies is both probable and reasonably estimable. No liability for litigation or contingencies was recorded as of December 31, 2017.
In June 2013, Kevin O’Halloran, as Trustee of the Liquidating Trust of Tectonics, Inc. (the “Debtor”), filed a complaint in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Florida against the Company and Harris Corporation (the “Defendants”). The complaint alleges that the Defendants are liable under federal and state bankruptcy law regarding fraudulent transfers for the value of a patent portfolio purchased by the Company from Harris Corporation pursuant to an agreement entered into in January 2009, and within four years of the date the Debtor filed its petition in bankruptcy. In February 2015, the Court held a trial and in November 2015 entered judgment in favor of the Defendants. In December 2015, the Debtor filed an appeal of the judgment to the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida. In August 2016, the District Court affirmed the judgment in favor of the Defendants. In September 2016, the Debtor filed an appeal of the judgment to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. The appellate briefing was completed in January 2017, and oral argument occurred on December 14, 2017. The Company is not currently able to determine whether there is a reasonable possibility that a loss has been incurred, nor can it estimate the potential loss or range of the potential loss that may result from this litigation.
In March 2012, Cascades Computer Innovations LLC filed a complaint in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (the “District Court”) against the Company and five of its clients (collectively the “Defendants”). The complaint alleges that the Defendants violated federal antitrust law, California antitrust law and California unfair competition law. The complaint further alleged that after the Company terminated its negotiations with the plaintiff to license certain patents held by the plaintiff, the Defendants violated the law by jointly refusing to negotiate or accept licenses under the plaintiff’s patents. The plaintiff sought unspecified monetary damages and injunctive relief. In January 2013, the District Court dismissed the complaint against the Defendants and granted the plaintiff leave to amend its complaint. In February 2013, the plaintiff filed an amended lawsuit alleging that the Defendants violated federal antitrust law, California antitrust law and California unfair competition law. In April 2016, the District Court entered a final judgment in favor of the Defendants on all the plaintiff's claims. In April 2016, the plaintiff filed an appeal of the judgment. On December 11, 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the District Court in full, and the order took effect on January 2, 2018.
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures. |
Not applicable.
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PART II.
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. |
Price Range of Common Stock
Our common stock is currently traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “RPXC” and has been traded on NASDAQ since our initial public offering on May 4, 2011. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low closing prices of our common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.
High | Low | |||||||
For the year ended December 31, 2016: | ||||||||
First Quarter | $ | 11.66 | $ | 9.41 | ||||
Second Quarter | 11.48 | 8.71 | ||||||
Third Quarter | 11.31 | 9.10 | ||||||
Fourth Quarter | 11.35 | 9.28 | ||||||
For the year ended December 31, 2017: | ||||||||
First Quarter | $ | 12.38 | $ | 10.49 | ||||
Second Quarter | 14.22 | 11.97 | ||||||
Third Quarter | 14.25 | 12.34 | ||||||
Fourth Quarter | 14.23 | 12.57 | ||||||
Holders
At February 23, 2018, there were 14 stockholders of record of our common stock. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers or other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by the record holders.
Dividends
During the fourth quarter of 2017, we announced a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.05 per share of common stock, the first of which was paid in December 2017. Prior to this announcement, we had never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We expect to pay quarterly dividends of $0.05 per share of common stock, subject to announcement by our Board of Directors.
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Stock Performance Graph
This performance graph shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of RPX Corporation under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act.
The following graph shows the value of an investment of $100 in our common stock, the NASDAQ Composite Index, and the NASDAQ-100 Technology Sector Index for each of the last five years, assuming the reinvestment of any dividends. The comparisons shown in the graph are based upon historical data and we caution that the stock price performance shown in the graph is neither indicative of, nor intended to forecast, the potential future performance of our stock.
Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
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Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
Stock repurchase activity during the three months ended December 31, 2017 was as follows:
Period Ended | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs | Maximum Dollar Value that May Yet be Purchased Under the Programs (1) | ||||||||||
October 31, 2017 | 51,895 | $ | 13.40 | 51,895 | $ | 56,399,777 | ||||||||
November 30, 2017 | 74,809 | 12.90 | 74,809 | 55,434,742 | ||||||||||
December 31, 2017 | — | — | — | 55,434,742 | ||||||||||
126,704 | 126,704 | |||||||||||||
(1) On February 10, 2015, we announced that our Board of Directors had authorized a share repurchase program under which we are authorized to repurchase up to $75.0 million of our outstanding common stock with no expiration date from the date of authorization. In March 2016 and May 2016, we increased our share repurchase program by $25 million and $50 million, respectively, for a total amount authorized of $150 million. As of December 31, 2017, we had repurchased $94.6 million of our outstanding common stock under the program. Under the program, shares may be repurchased in privately negotiated and/or open market transactions, including under plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act. Our share repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares.
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Item 6. | Selected Consolidated Financial Data. |
The selected consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, as well as the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected consolidated financial data for years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 as well as the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 are derived from audited consolidated financial statements not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The historical results presented below are not necessarily indicative of results of future operations, and should be read in conjunction with Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8, "Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K to fully understand factors that may affect the comparability of the information presented below.
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
2017 (1) | 2016 (2) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||||||||
(in thousands, except per share data) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 330,457 | $ | 333,107 | $ | 291,881 | $ | 259,335 | $ | 237,504 | ||||||||||
Cost of revenue | 203,709 | 197,262 | 148,858 | 124,435 | 110,771 | |||||||||||||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 90,507 | 100,457 | 77,428 | 71,679 | 62,525 | |||||||||||||||
Impairment losses | 94,051 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
(Gain) loss on sale of patent assets, net | — | — | (592 | ) | (707 | ) | 126 | |||||||||||||
Operating income (loss) | (57,810 | ) | 35,388 | 66,187 | 63,928 | 64,082 | ||||||||||||||
Interest and other income (expense), net | (1,255 | ) | (3,079 | ) | (688 | ) | 354 | 213 | ||||||||||||
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes | (59,065 | ) | 32,309 | 65,499 | 64,282 | 64,295 | ||||||||||||||
Provision for income taxes | 20,078 | 14,074 | 26,077 | 24,941 | 23,512 | |||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) | $ | (79,143 | ) | $ | 18,235 | $ | 39,422 | $ | 39,341 | $ | 40,783 | |||||||||
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Basic | $ | (79,143 | ) | $ | 18,235 | $ | 39,422 | $ | 39,341 | $ | 40,763 | |||||||||
Diluted | $ | (79,143 | ) | $ | 18,235 | $ | 39,422 | $ | 39,341 | $ | 40,763 | |||||||||
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders per common share: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Basic | $ | (1.61 | ) | $ | 0.36 | $ | 0.72 | $ | 0.74 | $ | 0.78 | |||||||||
Diluted | $ | (1.61 | ) | $ | 0.36 | $ | 0.71 | $ | 0.72 | $ | 0.76 | |||||||||
Weighted-average shares used in computing net income (loss) available to common stockholders per common share: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Basic | 49,240 | 50,462 | 54,432 | 53,444 | 51,956 | |||||||||||||||
Diluted | 49,240 | 51,001 | 55,410 | 54,818 | 53,652 | |||||||||||||||
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.05 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||
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As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
2017 (1) | 2016 (2) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||||||||
(in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments | $ | 157,165 | $ | 190,988 | $ | 325,998 | $ | 317,533 | $ | 290,722 | ||||||||||
Patent assets, net | 163,048 | 212,999 | 254,560 | 236,349 | 219,954 | |||||||||||||||
Total assets | 550,830 | 735,289 | 658,561 | 642,064 | 588,801 | |||||||||||||||
Deferred revenue, including current portion | 106,868 | 130,408 | 115,652 | 136,209 | 137,743 | |||||||||||||||
Notes payable and other deferred payment obligations, including current portion | — | — | 2,383 | — | 500 | |||||||||||||||
Long-term debt, including current portion | — | 94,584 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Total liabilities | 141,075 | 261,008 | 142,082 | 157,019 | 163,878 | |||||||||||||||
Total stockholders’ equity | 409,755 | 474,281 | 516,479 | 485,045 | 424,923 | |||||||||||||||
(1) In February 2018, we concluded that impairment losses of $94.1 million would be recorded in the financial information of the three months and fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, $89.0 million of which relates to goodwill in our discovery services segment and the remaining impairment is associated with our cost method investments in our patent risk management segment. Our conclusion on goodwill impairment was made in connection with our annual impairment testing of goodwill which resulted in the carrying values exceeding the fair values primarily due to (1) decreased expected future cash flows from pricing pressures and competition in the discovery services marketplace as well as significant fluctuations due to the project-based nature of these cash flows, and (2) a decrease in estimated peer company values. No cash expenditures are anticipated as a result of the impairment losses.
(2) In January 2016, we acquired Inventus Solutions, Inc., which is included in our selected consolidated financial data as of the acquisition date.
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Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions which, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the “Exchange Act.” Forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding our business strategies and business model, products, benefits to our clients, future financial results and expenses, our acquisition of Inventus Solutions, Inc. ("Inventus"), our patent acquisition spending, our competitive position, and the previously announced process to explore and evaluate strategic alternatives to maximize shareholder value. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.
Overview
Since our founding in 2008, we have been providing an alternative to litigation through our patent risk management services. In January 2016, through our acquisition of Inventus, we began offering technology-enabled discovery services to our clients.
We help companies reduce patent-related risk and corporate legal expense by providing two primary service offerings: (1) a subscription-based patent risk management service offering that facilitates more efficient exchanges of value between owners and users of patents compared to transactions driven by actual or threatened litigation, and (2) a discovery services offering.
Patent Risk Management
We serve as a trusted intermediary in the patent marketplace. Our business model aligns our interests with those of our clients, with whom we have developed trusted relationships. Our patent risk management services clients include companies that design, make, or sell technology-based products and services as well as companies that use technology in their businesses, and who face legal claims for patent infringement. We have not asserted and will not assert our patents. We have a unique ability to confer and consult with our clients about mitigating their risk of patent litigation. In exchange for an upfront annual subscription fee, we provide the following to our patent risk management clients throughout their memberships:
• | the review and analysis of patents offered for sale, including analysis of patent quality, validity, and commercial significance; |
• | defensive patent acquisition, by which we acquire patents and patent rights on behalf of all of our patent risk management clients; |
• | facilitation of syndicated transactions; |
• | prior art searches; |
• | proprietary periodic analysis and publication of patent market trends; |
• | the tracking of all US patent applications and issuances, patent litigation activity, and associated parties; and |
• | publication and provision of patent-related data to governmental and regulatory bodies to inform public policy discussion about patent reform and trends. |
Access to these services is available primarily through discussions with our professionals—particularly client services and our team of patent experts, as well as through a proprietary database, and attendance of regularly scheduled conferences.
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Insuring against the costs of patent infringement litigation is a natural extension of our patent risk management membership. Our patent infringement litigation expense insurance is a liability insurance policy for operating companies that covers certain costs associated with patent infringement lawsuits. We assume some portion of the underwriting risk on the insurance policies that we issue on behalf of third party underwriters. To date, the effect of the insurance policies that we have issued or assumed through our reinsurance business was not material to our results of operations or financial condition.
During the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, revenue from our patent risk management services was $252.3 million and $267.0 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2017, our patent risk management segment had more than 330 clients, consisting of our patent risk management network members and insurance clients. We provide patent risk management services to 450 companies, including those insured under policies sold to venture funds and industry trade associations. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we completed 55 acquisitions of patent assets and our gross and net patent acquisition spend totaled $179.9 million and $106.0 million, respectively. From our inception through December 31, 2017, we have completed 440 acquisitions of patent assets with gross and net patent acquisition spend of $2.4 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively.
Discovery Services
Through our wholly owned subsidiary Inventus, in 2016 we began offering technology-enabled discovery services to assist leading law firms and corporate legal departments manage costs and risks related to the legal discovery process. Our discovery service offering focuses on the process of consolidation and organization of data into meaningful discovery information powered by a mix of third-party and proprietary software. This allows our discovery services clients to efficiently manage a portfolio of legal discovery matters in a central location.
Our more than 1,000 discovery services clients in over a dozen countries benefit from our discovery services, which includes data hosting and backup, data processing and collection, project management, document review, and traditional document production. All of these services are designed to streamline the administration of litigation, investigations, and regulatory compliance. During the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, revenue from our discovery services was $78.2 million and $66.1 million, respectively. Certain of our discovery services operations are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the British pound sterling and the Euro, and therefore these operations are exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations.
Key Components of Results of Operations
Revenue
Subscription revenue includes membership subscriptions to our patent risk management services, premiums earned, net of ceding commissions, from insurance policies, and management fees related to our insurance business. Historically, the majority of our revenue has consisted of fees paid by our clients under subscription agreements. Our subscription revenue will be positively or negatively impacted by the financial performance of our patent risk management clients on our rate card since their subscription fees typically reset annually based upon their most recently reported annual financial results.
Through December 31, 2017, we recognized revenue in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 605, Revenue Recognition (“ASC 605”) and related authoritative guidance. Effective January 1, 2018, we began recognizing revenue in accordance with FASB ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), which is explained further under the heading "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8, "Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report. Our patent risk management revenue subscription revenue and fee-related revenue will be materially impacted by the adoption of this new standard due to the identification of multiple performance obligations from our patent risk management membership subscription and the timing and amount of recognition for these separable performance obligations. Specifically, we recognize separate performance obligations under the new standard for certain discrete patent assets transferred to our membership clients (referred to as a "catalyst license") as well as for access to the patent portfolio clients obtain when becoming a member or renewing membership (referred to as a "portfolio access license"). The revenue generated from these additional performance obligations will be recognized at a point in time under ASC 606 as licensing revenue whereas under ASC 605, we generally recognized these membership fees ratably over the term of the customer contract as subscription revenue. Additionally, we will determine whether revenue should be treated on a gross or net basis for these additional separable performance obligations which may result in revenue which is treated on a gross basis under ASC 605 to be treated on a net basis under ASC 606 which will cause a reduction in basis in our patent assets.
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Therefore, the adoption of ASC 606 increases the variability of revenue recognized from our patent risk management services from period to period as well as reduces revenue and patent assets, including amortization of these patent assets, previously treated on a gross basis under ASC 605 that will be treated on a net basis under ASC 606.
In August 2012, we launched our insurance product and started to recognize insurance premium revenue from the insurance policies that we underwrite. As the primary insurer, we had been recognizing the full insurance premium as revenue. In May 2014, we began to assume a portion of the underwriting risk on insurance policies that we issue on behalf of third party underwriters, and as a result we recognize only the portion of the underwriting risk that we assume. In addition, we receive management fees for marketing, underwriting, and claims management services. Although we expect this revenue to increase as we sell more insurance policies in the future, to date, insurance premium revenue has not material to our results of operations.
Discovery revenue represents fees generated from services rendered in connection with our discovery services. These services are typically comprised of document collection and processing, document review, document production, and project management, and are generally billed in arrears based on the number of users, amount of data stored, or number of consulting hours. Our discovery revenue may fluctuate significantly based on the project-oriented nature of the discovery services we provide.
We recognize revenue from the sale of licenses and advisory fee income in connection with syndicated acquisitions, which we collectively refer to as fee-related revenue. In the future, we may receive other revenue and fee income from newly-introduced products and services. We do not believe that our rate of growth since inception is representative of anticipated future revenue growth and we may experience a year-over-year decline in revenue in future periods.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue from our patent risk management services primarily consists of amortization expenses related to acquired patent assets. Acquired patent assets are capitalized and amortized ratably over their estimated useful lives, which typically relates to the anticipated cash flows from clients and prospects that will benefit from the transaction. Also included in the cost of revenue from our patent risk management service are expenses incurred to maintain our patents, prosecute our patent applications, conduct inter partes reviews and prior art searches, and amortization expense for acquired intangible assets and internally developed software. With the launch of our insurance offering in August 2012, cost of revenue from our patent risk management services began to include premiums ceded to reinsurers and loss reserves. We began to issue new policies under a reinsurance model in May 2014 and under this model we do not cede premiums.
Our cost of revenue from our patent risk management services is primarily driven by the amortization of previously acquired patent assets, which are typically amortized over an estimated useful life of 24 to 60 months. From time to time, we may acquire patent assets that are valuable to our clients and prospects with an estimated useful life that is significantly less than the historical weighted-average of patent assets previously acquired, resulting in increased patent asset amortization expense in periods immediately following the acquisition. Estimating the economic useful lives of our patent assets depends on various factors including whether we acquire patents or licenses to patents, and the remaining statutory life of the underlying patents, either of which could result in shorter amortization periods. We believe that amortization periods of patent assets to be acquired in future periods may be amortized over shorter periods than the historical weighted-average of 38 months, which will cause our cost of revenue to increase. Our cost of revenue from our patent risk management services may fluctuate in the future as it is dependent on the level of patent asset purchases, the amortization period of the patent assets we acquire, and the level of insurance policies we write.
As mentioned above, effective January 1, 2018, we began recognizing revenue under ASC 606, under which we will determine whether revenue should be treated on a gross or net basis for additional separable performance obligations which may result in revenue which is treated on a gross basis under ASC 605 to be treated on a net basis under ASC 606. Revenues that are treated on a net basis under ASC 606 will reduce the basis in our patent assets, and therefore we expect the adoption of ASC 606 to reduce our amortization expense related to our patent assets which is recorded in cost of revenue.
Cost of revenue from our discovery services primarily consists of compensation costs for employees and third-party contractors who deliver services to our clients, costs incurred to maintain, secure, and store hosted data, license fees for the software we utilize in our discovery services process, and amortization of our identifiable intangible assets
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for technology used to provide our discovery services to our clients. Our cost of revenue related to hosting data and software license fees is primarily fixed but can fluctuate based on levels of data hosted and number of users our clients choose to have access to the software.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of salaries and related expenses, including stock-based compensation expense, amortization related to our intangible assets, cost of marketing programs, legal costs, professional fees, travel costs, facility costs and other corporate expenses. Our selling, general and administrative expenses could fluctuate from period to period.
Impairment Losses
Impairment losses consist of impairment charges related to our discovery services goodwill as well as our cost method investments. We do not expect these impairment losses to be recurring in nature, however, we may recognize additional impairment losses in the future if we determine the carrying values of our recorded assets to not be recoverable which is impacted by a number of factors including general economic conditions, changes in the competitive landscape, and our operational performance in the future.
Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net
Interest and other income (expense), net consists of interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, interest expense incurred on our term debt, gains or losses due to foreign currency fluctuations, as well as changes in fair value of our deferred payment obligations. Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly changes in the British pound sterling, Japanese yen, and Euro relative to the U.S. dollar. We expect our interest expense to decrease in the future as we paid down the outstanding balance of our Term Facility in full in November 2017 and terminated the Credit Agreement in December 2017.
Provision for Income Taxes
Income taxes are computed using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was signed into law. Among other changes is a permanent reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. As a result of the reduction in the corporate income tax rate, we were required to remeasure our net deferred tax asset as of December 31, 2017, which resulted in a reduction in the deferred tax asset value of approximately $14.4 million, offset by a change in valuation allowance of $1.0 million, which resulted in a deferred tax expense of $13.4 million. We expect our effective tax rate to increase in the future due to our inability to utilize foreign tax credits as well as the tax treatment of these foreign tax credits under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.
In December 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (SAB 118), which allows us to record provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year of the enactment date. Since the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was passed late in the fourth quarter of 2017, and ongoing guidance and accounting interpretation are expected over the next 12 months, we consider the accounting of the deferred tax re-measurements, and other items to be incomplete due to the forthcoming guidance and our ongoing analysis of final year-end data and tax positions. We expect to complete our analysis within the measurement period in accordance with SAB 118.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses and related disclosures.
We believe that, of our significant accounting policies, which are described in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8, "Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report, the following accounting policies involve a greater degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, these are the
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policies we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.
Revenue Recognition
Through December 31, 2017, we recognized revenue in accordance with ASC 605 and related authoritative guidance, our policy on which is included below. Effective January 1, 2018, we began recognizing revenue in accordance with ASC 606 which is explained further under the heading "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8, "Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report.
Patent Risk Management
The primary source of our revenue from our patent risk management service offering is fees paid by our clients under subscription agreements. We believe that the subscription component of our patent risk management services comprises a single deliverable and thus we recognize each subscription fee ratably over the period for which the fee applies. Revenue is recognized net of any discounts or other contractual incentives. We start recognizing revenue when all of the following criteria have been met:
• | Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists. All subscription fees are supported by an executed subscription agreement. |
• | Delivery has occurred or services have been rendered. The subscription agreement calls for us to provide our patent risk management services over a specific term commencing on the agreement effective date. Because services are not on an individualized basis (i.e., we generally perform our services on behalf of all of our clients as opposed to each client individually), delivery occurs automatically with the passage of time. Consequently, we recognize subscription revenue ratably. |
• | Seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable. Each client’s annual subscription fee is based either on a rate card in effect at the time of the client’s initial agreement or through a fixed fee which is risk-adjusted based on the client's specific patent risk profile. A client’s subscription fee on rate card is generally determined using its rate card and its normalized operating income, which is defined as the greater of (i) the average of its operating income for the three most recently reported fiscal years and (ii) 5% of its revenue for the most recently reported fiscal year. The fee for the first year of the agreement is typically determined and invoiced at the time of contract execution. The fee for each subsequent year of the agreement is generally calculated and invoiced in advance prior to each anniversary date of the agreement. |
• | Collectability is reasonably assured. Subscription fees are generally collected on or near the effective date of the agreement and again at or near each anniversary date thereof. We do not recognize revenue in instances where collectability is not reasonably assured. Generally, our subscription agreements state that all fees paid are non-refundable. |
In some limited instances, the subscription agreement includes a contingency clause, giving one or both parties an option to terminate the agreement and receive a full refund if contingencies are not resolved within a defined time period. In those instances, revenue will not be recognized until the contingency has been satisfied. The revenue earned during the period between the effective date of the agreement and the contingency removal date is recognized on the contingency removal date. Thereafter, revenue is recognized ratably over the remaining subscription term.
Our clients generally receive a term license to, and a release from all prior damages associated with, patent assets in our portfolio. The term license to each patent asset typically converts to a perpetual license at the end of a contractually specified vesting period, provided that the client is a member at such time. We do not view the conversion from term license to perpetual license to be a separate deliverable in our arrangements with our clients because the utility of, access to and freedom to practice the inventions covered by the patent asset is no different between a term and perpetual license.
In some instances, we accept a payment from a client to finance part or all of a patent asset acquisition. We refer to such transactions as syndicated acquisitions. The accounting for syndicated acquisitions can be complex and often requires judgments on the part of management as to the appropriate accounting treatment. In accordance with ASC 605-45, Revenue Recognition: Principal Agent Considerations, in instances where we substantively act as an agent to acquire patent rights from a seller on behalf of clients who are paying for such rights separately from their subscription agreements, we may treat the client payments on a net basis. When treated on a net basis, there may be little or no revenue recognized for such contributions, and the basis of the acquired patent rights may exclude the amounts paid by the contributing client based on our determination that we are not the principal in these transactions. In these situations, where we substantively act as an agent, the contributing clients are typically defendants in an active or threatened patent
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infringement litigation filed by the owner of a patent. Our involvement is to assist our clients to secure a dismissal from litigation and a license to the underlying patents.
Key indicators evaluated to determine our role as either principal or agent in the transaction include, among others:
• | the entity to grant the license of the patent(s) is generally viewed as the primary obligor in the arrangement, given that it owns and controls the underlying patent(s) and thus has the absolute authority to grant and deliver any release from past damages and dismissal from litigation, and typically determines the general terms of the license(s) granted; |
• | our inventory risk in the transaction, which is typically mitigated, as our clients often enter into contractual obligations with us prior to or contemporaneous with entering into a contractual obligation with the seller; |
• | we have pricing latitude as we negotiate client contributions, however, this latitude is often limited as the economics of the transaction ultimately depend on the sales price set by the seller; |
• | we are not involved in the determination of the product or service specification and has no ability to change the product or perform any part of the service in connection with these transactions, as the seller owns the underlying patent(s); and |
• | our credit risk taken on the transaction, which is generally limited as each respective client has a contractually binding obligation, such clients are generally of high credit quality and in some instances, we collect the client contribution prior to making a payment to the seller. |
In certain syndicated transactions, we may recognize revenue upon the sale of licenses to specific patent assets and/or upon completion of the rendering of advisory services.
Revenue recognition for arrangements with multiple deliverables. A multiple-element arrangement may include the sale of a subscription to our patent risk management services and an insurance policy to cover certain costs associated with patent infringement litigation, each of which are individually considered separate units of accounting. Each element within a multiple-element arrangement is accounted for as a separate unit of accounting given that the delivered products have value to the customer on a standalone basis. We consider a deliverable to have standalone value if the product or service is sold separately by us or another vendor. The delivery of insurance coverage is not dependent on a client’s subscription to our patent risk management services. While we believe our insurance product offering is unique, our clients are able to purchase insurance coverage as a standalone product from other providers. We sell the components of our patent risk management services on a standalone basis. To date, the effect of the insurance policies that we have assumed through our reinsurance business has not been material to our results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
Multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separated into different units of accounting and the arrangement consideration is allocated to the identified separate units based on a relative selling price hierarchy. For our patent risk management service offering, we determine the relative selling price for a deliverable based on its best estimate of selling price ("BESP"). We have determined that vendor-specific objective evidence ("VSOE") and third-party evidence ("TPE") are not available for our patent risk management deliverables.
We have determined our BESP for a subscription to our patent risk management service offering based on the following:
• | List price, which represents the rates listed on our annual rate card. We publish a standard rate card annually. Each client’s subscription fee is typically calculated using the applicable rate card and its normalized operating income, which is defined as the greater of (i) 5% of the client’s most recently reported fiscal year’s revenue, and (ii) the average of the three most recently reported fiscal years’ operating income of the client. Each client’s annual subscription fee is reset annually based on its normalized operating income for its most recently completed fiscal years. |
We have determined our BESP for our insurance product based on the following:
• | Actuarially determined factors. Although we sell our insurance product both on a standalone basis and as a component of a multiple-element arrangement, the pricing is not affected by the subscription to our patent risk management services. We use an actuarial model that calculates an individual client’s insurance premium based on its projected annual frequency (i.e., number of claims during the policy term) and severity (i.e., the amount which we expect to settle a claim). |
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Discovery Services
Revenue from our discovery services is primarily generated from the following:
• | data hosting fees based on data stored and number of users; |
• | fees for month-to-month delivery of services, such as data processing (conversion of data into organized, searchable electronic database), project management and data collection services; |
• | document review services which assist clients in the manual review of data responsive to a legal matter; and |
• | printing and binding services (paper-based services). |
We enter into agreements pursuant to which we offer various discovery services. Clients are generally billed monthly based on contractual unit prices and volumes for services delivered. The agreements are typically for an indefinite period of time, however, they are cancelable at will by either party. We are entitled to all fees incurred for services performed. The majority of our discovery services revenue comes from two types of billing arrangements: usage based and fixed fee.
Usage-based arrangements require the client to pay based upon predetermined unit prices and volumes for data hosing, data processing and paper-based services. Project management and review hours are billed based upon the number of hours worked by certain client service professionals at agreed upon rates.
In fixed-fee billing arrangements, we agree to a pre-established monthly fee over a specified term in exchange for various services. The fees are not tied to the attainment of any contractually defined objectives and the monthly fee is nonrefundable.
Based on an evaluation of the discovery services delivered to each client, we determined each deliverable has stand-alone value to the client as each of our discovery services can be sold on a stand-alone basis by us and the discovery services are available from other vendors. Additionally, discovery services do not carry a significant degree of risk or unique acceptance criteria that would require a dependency on the performance of future services.
We determine the relative selling price for a discovery services deliverable based on its VSOE, if available, or its best estimate of selling price, if VSOE is not available. We have determined that third-party evidence is not a practical alternative due to differences in its service offerings compared to other parties and the availability of relevant third-party pricing information. We allocate revenue to the various units of accounting in our arrangements based on the BESP for each unit of accounting, which are consistent with the stated prices in those arrangements.
Our discovery services arrangements do not include any substantive general rights of return or other contingencies.
Sales and value added taxes collected from clients are not considered revenue and are included in accrued liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets until remitted to the taxing authorities.
Patent Assets, Net
We generally acquire patent assets from third parties using cash. Patent assets are recorded at fair value at acquisition. The fair value of the assets acquired is generally based on the fair value of the consideration exchanged. The asset value includes the cost of external legal and other fees associated with the acquisition of the assets. Costs incurred to maintain and prosecute patents and patent applications are expensed as incurred.
Because each client generally receives a license to the majority of our patent assets, we are unable to reliably determine the pattern over which our patent assets are consumed. As a result, we amortize each patent asset on a straight-line basis. The amortization period is equal to the asset’s estimated economic useful life. Estimating the economic useful life of patent assets requires significant management judgment. We consider various factors in estimating the economic useful lives of our patent assets, including the remaining statutory life of the underlying patents, the applicability of the assets to future clients, the vesting period for current clients to obtain perpetual licenses to such patent assets, any contractual commitments by clients that are related to such patent assets, our estimate of the period of time during which we may sign subscription agreements with prospective clients that may find relevance in the patent assets, and the remaining contractual term of our existing clients at the time of acquisition. In certain instances, where we acquire patent assets and secure related client committed cash flows that extend beyond the statutory life of the underlying patents, the useful life may extend beyond the statutory life of the patent assets. As of December 31, 2017, the estimated economic useful life of our patent assets generally ranged from 24 to 60 months. The weighted-average estimated economic useful life of patent assets acquired since inception was 38 months. The weighted-average estimated economic useful life of patent assets acquired during the year ended December 31, 2017 was 25 months. We periodically evaluate whether
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events and circumstances have occurred that may warrant a revision to the remaining estimated useful life of our patent assets.
In some instances, we accept a payment from a client to finance part or all of an acquisition involving patent assets that may cost more than we are prepared to spend with our own capital resources or that are relevant only to a very small number of clients. In these instances, we facilitate syndicated transactions that include cash contributions from participating clients in addition to their annual subscription fees.
In instances where we sell patent assets, the amount of consideration received is compared to the asset’s carrying value to determine and recognize a gain or loss on the sale.
Foreign Currency Accounting
The functional currencies of our international subsidiaries are the U.S. dollar and British pound sterling. Our primary foreign subsidiary uses the local currency of its respective country as its functional currency. Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date, while revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the year. Gains and losses resulting from the translation of our consolidated balance sheet are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are recognized in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations.
Stock-Based Compensation
We account for stock-based compensation for equity-settled awards issued to employees and directors under ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). ASC 718 requires that stock-based compensation expense for equity-settled awards made to employees and directors be measured based on the estimated grant date fair value and recognized over the requisite service period. These equity-settled awards include stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and performance-based RSUs which include a service condition, some of which also include a market condition or performance condition (“PBRSUs”).
The fair value of stock options is estimated as of the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of RSUs is estimated based on the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. For stock options and RSUs, the fair value of the award is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Through 2016, forfeitures were estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from initial estimates. Starting in 2017, forfeitures are recognized as they occur as a reduction to compensation expense.
The fair value of PBRSUs with performance conditions is estimated as of the grant date by reference to the fair value of the underlying shares on the date of grant. The fair value of PBRSUs with market conditions is estimated as of the date of grant using the Monte-Carlo simulation model. For PBRSUs, stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the derived service period for each tranche (or market or performance condition). Because our PBRSUs have multiple derived service periods, we use the graded-vesting attribution method. The graded vesting attribution method requires a company to recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period for each vesting tranche of the award as though the award were, in substance, multiple awards. The compensation expense for PBRSUs with market conditions will only be reversible if the employee terminates prior to completing the requisite service periods for these awards (i.e., compensation expense will not be reversed if the market condition is not met). For PBRSUs that include performance conditions, we only recognize compensation expense for those awards for which vesting is determined to be probable upon satisfaction of certain performance criteria.
Estimates of the fair value of equity-settled awards as of the grant date using valuation models, such as the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and a Monte-Carlo simulation model, are affected by assumptions regarding a number of complex variables. Changes in the assumptions can materially affect the fair value and ultimately how much stock-based compensation expense is recognized. These inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop. We calculate the expected term for stock options based on historical exercise patterns and post-vesting termination behavior. Volatility is calculated based on the implied volatility of our publicly traded stock. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues similar in duration to the expected term of the equity-settled award.
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As of December 31, 2017, there was $25.4 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs, including PBRSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years. Compensation costs related to stock options have been fully recognized.
Income Taxes
We account for income taxes using an asset and liability approach, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets or liabilities for the tax-effected temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of our assets and liabilities and for net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by the amount of any tax benefits that, based on available evidence, are not expected to be realized.
We assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income, and to the extent we believe that recovery is not likely, we establish a valuation allowance. Judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and any valuation allowance recorded against the net deferred tax assets. We applied a valuation allowance of $2.8 million and $0.9 million against our deferred tax balances at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The calculation of our tax liabilities involves uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across our global operations. ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”) provides that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, on the basis of the technical merits. ASC 740 also provides guidance on measurement, derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition.
We recognize tax liabilities in accordance with ASC 740 and adjust these liabilities when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information is available.
The tax expense or benefit for extraordinary items, unusual or infrequently occurring items and items that do not represent a tax effect of current-year ordinary income are treated as discrete items and recorded in the interim period in which the events occur.
Our effective tax rate could be adversely affected by changes in federal, state or foreign tax laws, certain non-deductible expenses arising from stock-based awards and changes in accounting principles. Our 2013 through 2017 tax periods are open to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and most state tax authorities. The Internal Revenue Service's examination of Inventus's federal income tax return for fiscal year 2013 was closed during the three months ended March 31, 2017 with no material adjustments. Our 2015 through 2016 tax periods remain open to examination in the United Kingdom.
Business Combinations
We apply the provisions of ASC 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”), in the accounting for our business acquisitions. ASC 805 requires companies to separately recognize goodwill from the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, which are at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed.
We use significant estimates and assumptions, including fair value estimates, to determine fair value of assets acquired, liabilities assumed and, when applicable, the related useful lives of the acquired assets, as of the business combination date. When those estimates are provisional, we refine them as necessary during the measurement period. The measurement period is the period after the acquisition date, not to exceed one year, in which we may gather new information about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date to adjust the provisional amounts recognized. Measurement period adjustments are applied retrospectively. All other adjustments are recorded within the consolidated statements of operations.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
We assess the recoverability of our long-lived assets, which includes our patent assets, other intangible assets and property and equipment, when events or changes in circumstances indicate their carrying value may not be recoverable.
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Such events or changes in circumstances may include: a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which a long-lived asset is being used, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate that could affect the value of a long-lived asset, an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or development of a long-lived asset, current or future operating or cash flow losses that demonstrate continuing losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset or a current expectation that, more-likely-than-not, a long-lived asset will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. We license a majority of our portfolio of patent assets to all of our membership clients and thus we view these assets as a single asset group. We assess recoverability of a long-lived asset by determining whether the carrying value of these assets can be recovered through projected undiscounted cash flows. If the carrying value of the assets exceeds the forecasted undiscounted cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized, and is recorded as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value. An impairment loss is charged to operations in the period in which we determine such impairment. To date, no impairments of long-lived assets have been identified.
Goodwill
We review goodwill for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. A company may first assess the qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment. If the quantitative goodwill impairment test is performed, we compare the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. Such valuations require us to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Significant estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows from acquired and current clients, acquired technology, and trade names from a market participant perspective, useful lives, and discount rates. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, any excess of the goodwill carrying amount over the implied fair value is recognized as an impairment charge, and the carrying value of goodwill is written down to fair value.
We performed our 2017 annual goodwill impairment test using a quantitative approach for our discovery services reporting units and a qualitative approach for our patent risk management business. The quantitative approach used for our discovery services segment includes comparing the carrying value to the fair values of each reporting unit using a discounted cash flow methodology with a comparable business approach which utilizes Level 3 inputs. Cash flow projections are based on our estimates of growth rates and operating margins, taking into consideration industry and market conditions. The discount rate used is based on the weighted-average cost of capital adjusted for the relevant risk associated with business-specific characteristics and the uncertainty related to the reporting units' ability to execute on the projected cash flows.These tests resulted in the carrying values of our discovery services reporting units exceeding the fair values primarily due to (1) decreased expected future cash flows from pricing pressures and competition in the discovery services marketplace as well as significant fluctuations due to the project-based nature of these cash flows, and (2) a decrease in estimated peer company values. As a result, we recognized a goodwill impairment loss of $89.0 million in our consolidated statement of operations during the three months ended December 31, 2017. No other goodwill impairment charges were recorded as a part of our annual impairment analyses, however, additional declines in expected cash flows may further impair our goodwill in the future.
Other Assets
Our other assets consist primarily of cost method investments that are long term in nature. We review these investments for recoverability using Level 3 inputs and if a decline in fair value is considered to be other-than-temporary, an impairment loss is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. During the three months and year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded an impairment loss of $5.0 million related to these cost method investments reducing the recorded value to its new amortized cost basis which represents its estimated fair value of $0.6 million.
Reserves for Known and Incurred but not Reported Claims
Reserves for known and incurred but not reported claims represent estimated claims costs and related expenses for patent infringement liability insurance policies in effect. Reserves for known claims are established based on individual case estimates. We use actuarial models and techniques to estimate the reserve for incurred but not reported claims.
Loss expense for known and incurred but not reported claims are charged to earnings after deducting recoverable amounts under our reinsurance contract. Loss expense for known and incurred but not reported claims associated with policies that we issued on behalf of third party underwriters are charged to earnings for the portion of the underwriting risk that we assume.
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth selected consolidated statements of operations data for each of the periods indicated (in thousands). Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results of operations to be expected for any future period.
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
Revenue | ||||||||||||
Patent risk management | $ | 252,253 | $ | 266,995 | $ | 291,881 | ||||||
Discovery services | 78,204 | 66,112 | — | |||||||||
Total revenue | 330,457 | 333,107 | 291,881 | |||||||||
Cost of revenue | ||||||||||||
Patent risk management | 161,409 | 163,865 | 148,858 | |||||||||
Discovery services | 42,300 | 33,397 | — | |||||||||
Total cost of revenue | 203,709 | 197,262 | 148,858 | |||||||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses | ||||||||||||
Patent risk management | 63,795 | 76,467 | 77,428 | |||||||||
Discovery services | 26,712 | 23,990 | — | |||||||||
Total selling, general and administrative expenses | 90,507 | 100,457 | 77,428 | |||||||||
Impairment losses | ||||||||||||
Patent risk management | 5,016 | — | — | |||||||||
Discovery services | 89,035 | — | — | |||||||||
Total impairment losses | 94,051 | — | — | |||||||||
Gain on sale of patent assets, net | — | — | (592 | ) | ||||||||
Operating income (loss) | ||||||||||||
Patent risk management | 22,033 | 26,663 | 66,187 | |||||||||
Discovery services | (79,843 | ) | 8,725 | — | ||||||||
Total operating income (loss) | (57,810 | ) | 35,388 | 66,187 | ||||||||
Interest and other income (expense), net | (1,255 | ) | (3,079 | ) | (688 | ) | ||||||
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes | (59,065 | ) | 32,309 | 65,499 | ||||||||
Provision for income taxes | 20,078 | 14,074 | 26,077 | |||||||||
Net income (loss) | $ | (79,143 | ) | $ | 18,235 | $ | 39,422 | |||||
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The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, consolidated statements of operations data as a percentage of total revenue.
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||
Revenue | |||||||||
Patent risk management | 76 | % | 80 | % | 100 | % | |||
Discovery services | 24 | 20 | — | ||||||
Total revenue | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||||||
Cost of revenue | |||||||||
Patent risk management | 49 | 49 | 51 | ||||||
Discovery services | 13 | 10 | — | ||||||
Total cost of revenue | 62 | 59 | 51 | ||||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses | |||||||||
Patent risk management | 19 | 23 | 27 | ||||||
Discovery services | 8 | 7 | — | ||||||
Total selling, general and administrative expenses | 27 | 30 | 27 | ||||||
Impairment losses | |||||||||
Patent risk management | 2 | — | — | ||||||
Discovery services | 27 | — | — | ||||||
Total impairment losses | 29 | — | — | ||||||
Gain on sale of patent assets, net | — | — | — | ||||||
Operating income (loss) | |||||||||
Patent risk management | 7 | 8 | 23 | ||||||
Discovery services | (24 | ) | 3 | — | |||||
Total operating income (loss) | (17 | ) | 11 | 23 | |||||
Interest and other income (expense), net | — | (1 | ) | — | |||||
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes | (18 | ) | 10 | 22 | |||||
Provision for income taxes | 6 | 4 | 9 | ||||||
Net income (loss) | (24 | )% | 6 | % | 13 | % | |||
Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016
Revenue
The following table sets forth our total revenue for each of the periods indicated, including revenue by segment (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||
2017 | 2016 | |||||||
Revenue | ||||||||
Subscription revenue | $ | 246,845 | $ | 255,433 | ||||
Fee-related revenue | 5,408 | 11,562 | ||||||
Total patent risk management revenue | 252,253 | 266,995 | ||||||
Discovery services | 78,204 | 66,112 | ||||||
Total revenue | $ | 330,457 | $ | 333,107 | ||||
Our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $330.5 million compared to $333.1 million during the same period a year prior, a decrease of $2.6 million, or 1%. Subscription revenue — which includes membership subscription to our patent risk management services, premiums earned, net of ceding commissions, and management fees from insurance policies — for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $246.8 million compared to $255.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in subscription revenue was primarily attributable to a net
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decrease in membership fees and insurance premiums of $17.6 million from clients who joined our network prior to December 31, 2016, and in certain cases, may no longer be a part of our network as of December 31, 2017. This decrease in subscription revenue was partially offset by a net increase in membership fees and insurance premiums of $9.0 million from new clients who joined our network subsequent to December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2017 we provided patent risk management services to approximately 450 companies, including those insured under policies sold to venture funds and industry trade associations, as compared to approximately 348 companies as of December 31, 2016.
Discovery revenue, which includes fees generated from data collection, hosting and processing, project management, and document review services, was $78.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $66.1 million in the same period a year prior. The increase in discovery revenue was primarily attributable to an increase of $9.4 million in fees generated from document review services and an increase of $2.6 million in hosting and processing services provided during the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the year prior.
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 also included $5.4 million of fee-related revenue as compared to $11.6 million in the same period in 2016. This decrease in fee-related revenue was primarily attributable to a decrease in sale of perpetual licenses.
Cost of Revenue
Our cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $203.7 million compared to $197.3 million during the same period a year prior, an increase of $6.4 million, or 3%. Cost of revenue from our patent risk management services was $161.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $163.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in cost of revenue from our patent risk management services was primarily attributable to a $3.0 million decrease in patent amortization expense as a result of a decrease in our patent assets acquired during the year ended December 31, 2017 when compared to the prior year period.
Cost of revenue from our discovery services for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $42.3 million compared to $33.4 million during the same period a year prior, an increase of $8.9 million, or 27%. The increase in our cost of revenue from our discovery services was primarily attributable to an increase of $7.0 million in third-party contractor and personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation, as well as a $0.7 million increase in software license fees during the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
Selling, General and Administrative expenses
Our selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $90.5 million compared to $100.5 million during the same period a year prior, a decrease of $10.0 million or 10%. Our selling, general and administrative expenses for our patent risk management services for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $63.8 million compared to $76.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2016. This decrease was primarily attributable to an $8.1 million decrease in personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation, primarily due to executive management changes during the three months ended March 31, 2017 as well as decreases in headcount during the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in our selling, general and administrative expenses for our patent risk management services was also due to a decrease of $2.0 million in professional services fees, $1.5 million decrease in depreciation and amortization on our fixed and intangible assets, and a $0.7 decrease in rent expense and related facility costs.
Selling, general and administrative expenses from our discovery services for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $26.7 million compared to $24.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in selling, general and administrative expense from our discovery services was primarily attributable to a $2.7 million increase in personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation, due to increases in headcount.
Impairment losses
For the year ended December 31, 2017, our annual goodwill impairment tests resulted in the carrying value of our discovery services reporting units exceeding the fair value primarily due to (1) decreased expected future cash flows from pricing pressures and competition in the discovery services marketplace as well as significant fluctuations due to the project-based nature of these cash flows, and (2) a decrease in estimated peer company values. As a result, we recognized a goodwill impairment loss of $89.0 million in our consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended December 31, 2017. No other goodwill impairment losses were recorded as a part of our annual impairment analyses. During our review of the recoverability of our cost method investments during the year ended
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December 31, 2017, we also recognized a $5.0 million impairment loss related to our patent risk management cost method investments due to a decline in fair value that we concluded was other-than-temporary.
Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net
Our interest and other expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $1.3 million compared to interest and other expense, net of $3.1 million during the same period a year prior, a decrease of $1.8 million. The decrease was primarily due to a $5.1 million increase of realized and unrealized foreign currency gains, a $0.5 million increase in interest income generated from our short-term investments, and a $0.2 million decrease in realized losses on exchange of our short-term investments. These were partially offset by a decrease of $1.9 million in fair value adjustments on our deferred payment obligations, $1.3 million of accelerated debt issuance costs in 2017 as a result of paying down our term debt, a decrease of $0.5 million of gains related to the extinguishment of our deferred payment obligations, and a $0.3 million increase in interest expense incurred on our term debt.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our provision for income taxes was $20.1 million and $14.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, an increase of $6.0 million or 43%. This increase was primarily due to increases in our deferred tax expense from the impacts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act related to the required remeasurement of our deferred tax assets using the revised federal tax rate of 21% as well as the impact of the deemed repatriation toll charge. Based on available information, we believe it is more-likely-than-not that our deferred tax assets will be fully realized with the exception of a portion related to our generated capital losses and foreign tax credits. Accordingly, we applied a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets for these capital losses and foreign tax credits as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.
Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
Revenue
The following table sets forth our total revenue for each of the periods indicated, including revenue by segment (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||
2016 | 2015 | |||||||
Revenue | ||||||||
Subscription revenue | $ | 255,433 | $ | 269,674 | ||||
Fee-related revenue | 11,562 | 22,207 | ||||||
Total patent risk management revenue | 266,995 | 291,881 | ||||||
Discovery services | 66,112 | — | ||||||
Total revenue | $ | 333,107 | $ | 291,881 | ||||
Our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $333.1 million compared to $291.9 million during the same period a year prior, an increase of $41.2 million, or 14%. Subscription revenue — which includes membership subscription to our defensive patent aggregation services, premiums earned, net of ceding commissions, and management fees from insurance policies — for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $255.4 million compared to $269.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease in subscription revenue was primarily attributable to a net decrease in membership fees and insurance premiums of $20.5 million from clients who joined our network prior to December 31, 2015 and, in certain cases, may no longer be a part of our network as of December 31, 2016. This decrease in subscription revenue was partially offset by a net increase in membership fees and insurance premiums of $6.2 million from new clients who joined our network subsequent to December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2016 we had a total patent risk management client network of 348 companies as compared to 255 as of December 31, 2015.
Discovery revenue, which includes fees generated from data collection, hosting and processing, project management, and document review services, was $66.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to nil in the same period a year prior as we acquired Inventus in January 2016.
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 also included $11.6 million of fee-related revenue as compared to $22.2 million in the same period in 2015. This decrease in fee-related revenue was primarily attributable to the
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decrease in success fees earned in connection with syndicated acquisitions as well as a decrease in sale of perpetual licenses.
Cost of Revenue
Our cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $197.3 million compared to $148.9 million during the same period a year prior, an increase of $48.4 million, or 33%. The increase was primarily attributable to the cost of revenue for discovery services of $33.4 million associated with Inventus, which we acquired in January 2016 and therefore has no comparable cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in cost of revenue was also attributable to a $16.6 million increase in patent amortization expense as a result of an increase in our patent assets and shorter than historical amortization periods for certain patent assets acquired during the year ended December 31, 2016. Patent assets acquired during the year ended December 31, 2016 had a weighted-average amortization period of 27 months compared with the historical weighted-average since our inception of 41 months. This increase was partially offset by a $1.6 million decrease in expenses incurred to maintain and prosecute patents and patent applications included in our portfolio.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Our selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $100.5 million compared to $77.4 million during the same period a year prior, an increase of $23.1 million or 30%. The increase was primarily due to selling, general and administrative expenses of $24.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 associated with Inventus, which we acquired in January 2016 and therefore has no comparable selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase was partially offset by a decrease of selling, general and administrative expenses of $0.9 million in the patent risk management business primarily attributable to a $2.7 million decrease in personnel-related costs due to decreases in headcount during the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015 partially offset by a $1.8 million increase in professional services fees.
Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net
Our interest and other expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $3.1 million compared to interest and other expense, net of $0.7 million during the same period a year prior, an increase of $2.4 million. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $4.5 million related to our deferred payment obligation, a $3.0 million increase of realized and unrealized foreign currency losses, increase of $3.0 million of interest expense incurred primarily in connection with our $100 million five-year term facility which we entered into in February 2016, as well as a $0.2 million decrease in interest income generated from our short-term investments. This increase was partially offset by a decrease of $8.3 million in other expense, net related to our short-term investments.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our provision for income taxes was $14.1 million and $26.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Our effective tax rate, including the impact of discrete benefit items, increased to 44% for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 40% for the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily due to increases in reserves for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from state apportionment matters. Based on available information, we believe it is more-likely-than-not that our deferred tax assets will be fully realized with the exception of a portion related to our generated capital losses. Accordingly, we have not applied a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets except for a portion related to the generated capital losses at December 31, 2016 and 2015.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We supplement our consolidated financial statements presented on a GAAP basis with non-GAAP adjusted EBITDA less net patent spend and free cash flow as we believe that these non-GAAP measures provide useful information about core operating results and thus are appropriate to enhance the overall understanding of our past financial performance and our prospects for the future. We define non-GAAP adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) exclusive of provision for income taxes, interest and other income (expense), net, non-cash impairment losses, stock-based compensation and related employer payroll taxes, depreciation, and amortization. We define free cash flow as net cash provided by operating activities less capital expenditures including property and equipment and patent assets. We use these non-GAAP measures to evaluate our financial results and trends, allocate internal resources, prepare and approve our annual budget, develop short- and long-term operating plans, and assess the health of our business. We believe these non-GAAP measures may prove useful to investors who wish to consider the impact of certain items when comparing our financial performance with that of other companies. The adjustments to our GAAP results are
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made with the intent of providing both management and investors a more complete understanding of our underlying operational results, trends and performance.
There are limitations in using non-GAAP financial measures because non-GAAP financial measures are not prepared in accordance with GAAP and may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. The non-GAAP financial measures are limited in value because they exclude certain items that may have a material impact on our reported financial results. In addition, they are subject to inherent limitations as they reflect the exercise of judgment by management about which items are adjusted to calculate our non-GAAP financial measures. Management compensates for these limitations by analyzing current and future results on a GAAP basis as well as a non-GAAP basis and also by providing GAAP measures in our public disclosures.
The presentation of additional information should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for or superior to financial results determined in accordance with GAAP. Investors are encouraged to review the reconciliation of these non-GAAP measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measure and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.
The following table sets forth the reconciliation of net income (loss) to non-GAAP adjusted EBITDA less net patent spend and the reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow for each of the periods indicated (in thousands). Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results of operations to be expected for any future period.
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
Net income (loss) | $ | (79,143 | ) | $ | 18,235 | $ | 39,422 | |||||
Provision for income taxes | 20,078 | 14,074 | 26,077 | |||||||||
Interest and other expense, net | 1,255 | 3,079 | 688 | |||||||||
Impairment losses | 94,051 | — | — | |||||||||
Stock-based compensation, including related taxes | 14,988 | 18,568 | 18,015 | |||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 168,143 | 171,623 | 145,835 | |||||||||
Non-GAAP adjusted EBITDA | 219,372 | 225,579 | 230,037 | |||||||||
Net patent spend | (106,010 | ) | (117,429 | ) | (160,665 | ) | ||||||
Non-GAAP adjusted EBITDA less net patent spend | $ | 113,362 | $ | 108,150 | $ | 69,372 | ||||||
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 181,478 | $ | 187,256 | $ | 173,223 | |||||
Purchases of property and equipment | (1,316 | ) | (3,667 | ) | (2,163 | ) | |||||
Acquisitions of patent assets | (106,343 | ) | (116,742 | ) | (132,834 | ) | |||||
Free cash flow | $ | 73,819 | $ | 66,847 | $ | 38,226 | |||||
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have financed substantially all of our operations and patent asset acquisitions through subscription and other fees collected from our clients, patent-seller financing, the sale of equity securities, and from borrowing through term loan facilities. As of December 31, 2017, we had $138.7 million of cash and cash equivalents and $18.5 million in short-term investments. In January 2016, we paid aggregate consideration of $232 million in cash, net of working capital adjustments, at the closing of the Inventus transaction. On February 26, 2016, we entered into a credit agreement for a $100 million five-year term facility and a $50 million five-year revolving credit facility. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we paid the total balance outstanding on the term facility and terminated the credit agreement and therefore, as of December 31, 2017, we had no outstanding obligations under either the term loan or credit agreement. Further information regarding our term facility and credit agreement can be found in Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8, "Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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We believe our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs for the foreseeable future. Our future capital needs will depend on many factors, including, among other things, our acquisition of patent assets, addition and renewal of client membership agreements, growth of our insurance and discovery services businesses, and development of new products and services. We may experience fluctuations in patent acquisition spending as we acquire patent assets that will benefit our clients. Our cash used in investing activities may increase in the future as we acquire additional patent assets. Our cash used in financing activities may increase in the future as we execute our stock repurchase program by purchasing RPX shares and by declaration and payment of our quarterly dividend. Additionally, we may enter into potential investments in, or acquisitions of, complementary businesses which could require us to seek additional debt or equity financing. Additional funds may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all.
The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 181,478 | $ | 187,256 | $ | 173,223 | |||||
Net cash used in investing activities | (36,487 | ) | (213,475 | ) | (134,868 | ) | |||||
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (107,086 | ) | 32,049 | (21,391 | ) | ||||||
Foreign-currency effect on cash and cash equivalents | 694 | (702 | ) | — | |||||||
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 38,599 | $ | 5,128 | $ | 16,964 | |||||
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $181.5 million, consisting of adjustments for non-cash items of $292.4 million, changes in working capital and non-current assets and liabilities of $31.7 million, and net loss of $79.1 million. Non-cash adjustments to our net loss primarily consisted of $168.1 million of depreciation and amortization on our patent assets, intangible assets, and property and equipment, impairment losses of $94.1 million related to our discovery services goodwill and our patent risk management cost method investments, $14.6 million of stock-based compensation, $14.5 million due to a net decrease in our deferred taxes, $1.3 million of amortization of premium on investments, and $1.8 million of other non-cash adjustments, all partially offset by an unrealized gain of $2.0 million due to foreign currency fluctuations. The change in working capital and non-current assets and liabilities resulted primarily from a $23.5 million decrease in deferred revenue, a $21.2 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets due primarily to increases in our prepaid taxes and sundry receivables, and a $1.1 million decrease in accounts payable, partially offset by a $14.1 million decrease in accounts receivable primarily related to a significant patent risk management customer, and a $0.1 million decrease in accrued and other liabilities.
Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $187.3 million, consisting of adjustments for non-cash items of $181.1 million, changes in working capital and non-current assets and liabilities of $12.1 million, and net income of $18.2 million. Non-cash adjustments to net income primarily consisted of $171.6 million of depreciation and amortization, $18.3 million of stock-based compensation, an unrealized loss of $2.7 million due to foreign currency fluctuations, $2.2 million of amortization of premium on investments, $2.5 million of other non-cash adjustments, and $0.3 million loss on sales and transfers of short-term investments partially offset by a reduction of $14.0 million due to a net increase in our deferred taxes, fair value adjustments on our deferred payment obligations of $1.9 million, and a gain of $0.5 million recognized on the extinguishment of a deferred payment obligation. The change in working capital and non-current assets and liabilities resulted primarily from a $39.7 million increase in accounts receivable, partially offset by a $14.7 million increase in deferred revenue, a $10.3 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets, a $1.7 million increase in accrued and other liabilities, and a $0.9 million increase in accounts payable. The increase in accounts receivable was primarily due to an increase of $25.4 million related to a significant patent risk management customer as well as the addition of accounts receivable related to our discovery services business.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $36.5 million, resulting primarily from $106.3 million used to acquire patent assets and $1.3 million used to acquire property and equipment partially offset by $70.9 million provided by the net sales and maturities of short-term investments.
Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $213.5 million, resulting from $228.5 million used for the acquisition of Inventus, net of cash received, $116.7 million used to acquire patent assets, $10.8 million used for the net purchases of short-term investments, and $3.7 million used to acquire property and equipment. This was
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partially offset by $145.9 million received from the sale of investments primarily used to fund the acquisition of Inventus and a $0.3 million decrease in restricted cash.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $107.1 million, resulting primarily from $96.3 million of payments on our long-term debt including the payoff of this debt in November 2017, $8.3 million used to repurchase our common stock under our share repurchase program, $5.7 million in tax payments for net-share settlements of RSUs and PBRSUs, $2.5 million in payments of dividends to our stockholders, and $0.3 million of cash payments for capital leases, all partially offset by $6.0 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options.
Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $32.0 million, resulting from $100.0 million provided by proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt and $3.8 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options. This cash provided by financing activities was partially offset by $60.1 million used to repurchase our common stock under our share repurchase program, $4.2 million in tax payments for net-share settlements of RSUs and PBRSUs, $3.8 million payments of principal on our long-term debt, $2.0 million used for issuance costs related to our long-term debt, $1.3 million used for a deferred acquisition payment, and $0.5 million of cash payments for capital leases.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
The following summarizes our non-cancelable minimum payments under contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
Less Than 1 Year | 1 to 3 Years | 3 to 5 Years | More Than 5 Years | Total | ||||||||||||||||
Operating lease commitments(1) | $ | 3,402 | $ | 3,197 | $ | 459 | $ | 379 | $ | 7,437 | ||||||||||
(1) Operating lease commitments are net of total contractual sublease payments of $2.2 million.
We lease office facilities under non-cancelable operating leases that expire at various dates through 2024. Our facility leases generally require us to pay operating costs, including property taxes, insurance and maintenance.
In March 2012, we entered into an amended lease agreement related to our San Francisco, California office space. The amendment, which took effect on May 1, 2013, increased the rentable space to approximately 67,000 total square feet and extended the term through October 2019. In June 2017, we executed an additional amendment to this lease and in accordance with the additional amendment, effective August 2017, we reduced our leased space by approximately 18,000 square feet which reduced our future operating lease commitments at that time by approximately $2.4 million over the remaining lease term. The monthly remaining base rent payments pursuant to this lease are approximately $0.3 million per month through October 2019.
In October 2013, we entered into an agreement to sublease a portion of our San Francisco, California office space. This sublease took effect on February 1, 2014 for a 36-month term through January 2017 and was subsequently renewed through October 2019.
As of December 31, 2017, our total future minimum payments required under non-cancelable operating leases, net of sublease income, is $7.4 million, which is included in the table above.
During the year ended December 31, 2017, we paid the remaining outstanding balance on our Term Facility and terminated the Credit Agreement in full. See further information in Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8, "Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
As of December 31, 2017, our reserve for uncertain tax positions was $9.3 million, which includes interest and penalties of $1.8 million, and was classified as a non-current liability. At this time, we are unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of the timing of payments in individual years in connection with the tax liabilities; therefore, such amounts are not included in the above contractual obligations table.
In the patent sale transactions that we have completed, we agreed to indemnify and hold harmless the buyer for losses resulting from a breach of representations and warranties made by us. The terms of these indemnification agreements are generally perpetual. The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unlimited. To date, we have not paid any amounts to settle claims or defend lawsuits. We do not indemnify our clients for patent infringement.
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In accordance with our amended and restated bylaws and certain contractual obligations, we also indemnify our Board of Directors and certain officers and employees for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain limits, while the director, officer or employee is or was serving at our request in such capacity. The term of the indemnification period is indefinite. The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unspecified. We have no reason to believe that there is any material liability for actions, events or occurrences that have occurred to date.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
In February 2015, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $75.0 million of our outstanding shares of common stock. In March and May 2016, we increased our share repurchase program by $25 million and $50 million, respectively, for a total amount authorized of $150 million. As part of the share repurchase program, shares may be purchased in open market transactions, including through block purchases, through privately negotiated transactions, or pursuant to any trading plan that may be adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases will be determined in our discretion and will depend on factors such as cash generation from operations, other cash requirements, economic and market conditions, stock price and legal and regulatory requirements. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date and may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason. The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares, and all open market repurchases will be made in accordance with Exchange Act Rule 10b-18, which sets certain restrictions on the method, timing, price and volume of open market stock repurchases. As of December 31, 2017, we had repurchased an aggregate of 8.6 million shares of common stock in the open market for $94.6 million under the share repurchase program.
Dividends
In October 2017, we announced we would pay a quarterly cash dividend of $0.05 per share, the first of which was paid on December 5, 2017, to shareholders of record on November 20, 2017. The next quarterly dividend is payable on March 28, 2018, to stockholders of record on March 14, 2018. Our quarterly dividend will reduce our outstanding cash and cash equivalents.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
At December 31, 2017, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance-sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
A full description of recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects on results of operations and financial condition can be found in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8, "Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such information is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk. |
Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. We do not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Our subscription agreements are denominated in U.S. dollars and, therefore, our subscription revenue is not currently subject to significant foreign currency risk. Certain of our discovery services operations are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the British pound sterling and the Euro, and therefore these operations are exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Our expenses are incurred primarily in the United States, with a portion of expenses incurred and denominated in the currencies where our international offices are located. Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly changes in the British pound sterling, Japanese yen, and Euro relative to the U.S. dollar, including changes due to Brexit. To date, we have not entered into any foreign currency hedging contracts.
Interest Rate Sensitivity
Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our investment portfolio of cash equivalents and short-term investments.
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We had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $157.2 million as of December 31, 2017. Our cash balances deposited in U.S. banks are non-interest bearing and insured up to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) limits. Cash equivalents consist primarily of institutional money market funds, municipal and corporate bonds, U.S. government and agency securities, and commercial paper, all denominated primarily in U.S. dollars. Interest rate fluctuations affect the returns on our invested funds.
As of December 31, 2017, our short-term investments of $18.5 million were primarily invested in municipal and corporate bonds maturing between 90 days and 12 months, U.S. government and agency securities, and commercial paper. As of December 31, 2017, our investments were primarily classified as available-for-sale and, consequently, were recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets with unrealized gains or losses reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. We review our investments for impairment when events and circumstances indicate that a decline in the fair value of an asset below its carrying value is other-than-temporary. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, we realized losses on the sales and exchanges of short-term investments of nil , $0.3 million, and $3.4 million, respectively, and recorded other-than-temporary impairments on our short-term investments of nil ,nil, and $5.1 million respectively, which are included in our consolidated statements of operations within other income (expense), net.
If overall interest rates had changed by 10% during the year ended December 31, 2017, the fair value of our investments would not have been materially affected.
Effect of Inflation
We believe that inflation has not had a material impact on our consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017. There can be no assurance that future inflation will not have an adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial condition.
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Item 8. | Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. |
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
Page | |
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of RPX Corporation
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of RPX Corporation and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made
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only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
San Jose, California
March 5, 2018
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2009.
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RPX Corporation
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except par value data)
December 31, | ||||||||
2017 | 2016 | |||||||
Assets | ||||||||
Current assets: | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 138,710 | $ | 100,111 | ||||
Short-term investments | 18,455 | 90,877 | ||||||
Restricted cash | 249 | 500 | ||||||
Accounts receivable, net | 51,544 | 64,395 | ||||||
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 25,687 | 4,524 | ||||||
Total current assets | 234,645 | 260,407 | ||||||
Patent assets, net | 163,048 | 212,999 | ||||||
Property and equipment, net | 5,090 | 6,948 | ||||||
Intangible assets, net | 49,087 | 56,050 | ||||||
Goodwill | 70,756 | 151,322 | ||||||
Restricted cash, less current portion | 968 | 965 | ||||||
Other assets | 3,664 | 8,337 | ||||||
Deferred tax assets | 23,572 | 38,261 | ||||||
Total assets | $ | 550,830 | $ | 735,289 | ||||
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity | ||||||||
Current liabilities: | ||||||||
Accounts payable | $ | 2,225 | $ | 3,197 | ||||
Accrued liabilities | 15,736 | 16,798 | ||||||
Deferred revenue | 105,150 | 118,856 | ||||||
Current portion of long-term debt | — | 6,474 | ||||||
Other current liabilities | 1,485 | 1,484 | ||||||
Total current liabilities | 124,596 | 146,809 | ||||||
Deferred revenue, less current portion | 1,718 | 11,552 | ||||||
Deferred tax liabilities | 3,657 | 4,023 | ||||||
Long-term debt, less current portion | — | 88,110 | ||||||
Other liabilities | 11,104 | 10,514 | ||||||
Total liabilities | 141,075 | 261,008 | ||||||
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) | ||||||||
Stockholders’ equity: | ||||||||
Common stock, $0.0001 par value — 200,000 shares authorized; 49,627 and 48,776 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively | 5 | 5 | ||||||
Additional paid-in capital | 376,793 | 360,462 | ||||||
Retained earnings | 39,411 | 130,249 | ||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (6,454 | ) | (16,435 | ) | ||||
Total stockholders’ equity | 409,755 | 474,281 | ||||||
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 550,830 | $ | 735,289 | ||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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RPX Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except per share data)
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 330,457 | $ | 333,107 | $ | 291,881 | ||||||
Cost of revenue | 203,709 | 197,262 | 148,858 | |||||||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 90,507 | 100,457 | 77,428 | |||||||||
Impairment losses | 94,051 | — | — | |||||||||
Gain on sale of patent assets, net | — | — | (592 | ) | ||||||||
Operating income (loss) | (57,810 | ) | 35,388 | 66,187 | ||||||||
Interest and other income (expense), net: | ||||||||||||
Interest income | 1,063 | 506 | 740 | |||||||||
Interest expense | (4,540 | ) | (3,015 | ) | — | |||||||
Other income (expense), net | 2,222 | (570 | ) | (1,428 | ) | |||||||
Total interest and other income (expense), net | (1,255 | ) | (3,079 | ) | (688 | ) | ||||||
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes | (59,065 | ) | 32,309 | 65,499 | ||||||||
Provision for income taxes | 20,078 | 14,074 | 26,077 | |||||||||
Net income (loss) | $ | (79,143 | ) | $ | 18,235 | $ | 39,422 | |||||
Net income (loss) per share: | ||||||||||||
Basic | $ | (1.61 | ) | $ | 0.36 | $ | 0.72 | |||||
Diluted | $ | (1.61 | ) | $ | 0.36 | $ | 0.71 | |||||
Weighted-average shares used in computing net income (loss) per share: | ||||||||||||
Basic | 49,240 | 50,462 | 54,432 | |||||||||
Diluted | 49,240 | 51,001 | 55,410 | |||||||||
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.05 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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RPX Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(in thousands)
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Net income (loss) | $ | (79,143 | ) | $ | 18,235 | $ | 39,422 | ||||
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | |||||||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale investments: | |||||||||||
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period | 145 | 97 | (572 | ) | |||||||
Less: reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income | — | — | 429 | ||||||||
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale investments, net of tax | 145 | 97 | (143 | ) | |||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 9,836 | (16,281 | ) | — | |||||||
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (69,162 | ) | $ | 2,051 | $ | 39,279 | ||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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RPX Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(in thousands)
Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Total Stockholders’ Equity | |||||||||||||||||||
Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2014 | 54,062 | $ | 5 | $ | 326,280 | $ | 158,868 | $ | (108 | ) | $ | 485,045 | |||||||||||
Components of comprehensive income, net of tax: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income | — | — | — | 39,422 | — | 39,422 | |||||||||||||||||
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments, net of tax | — | — | — | — | (143 | ) | (143 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options, vesting of restricted stock units and other common stock issuances | 1,420 | — | 5,013 | — | — | 5,013 | |||||||||||||||||
Repurchase of common stock | (1,993 | ) | — | — | (26,175 | ) | — | (26,175 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation | — | — | 17,728 | — | — | 17,728 | |||||||||||||||||
Tax benefit of equity award deductions | — | — | 686 | — | — | 686 | |||||||||||||||||
Tax withholdings related to net share settlements of restricted stock units | — | — | (5,097 | ) | — | — | (5,097 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2015 | 53,489 | 5 | 344,610 | 172,115 | (251 | ) | 516,479 | ||||||||||||||||
Components of comprehensive income, net of tax: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income | — | — | — | 18,235 | — | 18,235 | |||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, net of tax | — | — | — | — | 97 | 97 | |||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | — | — | — | (16,281 | ) | (16,281 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options, vesting of restricted stock units and other common stock issuances | 1,211 | — | 3,778 | — | — | 3,778 | |||||||||||||||||
Repurchase of common stock | (5,924 | ) | — | — | (60,101 | ) | — | (60,101 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation | — | — | 18,378 | — | — | 18,378 | |||||||||||||||||
Tax benefit of equity award deductions | — | — | (2,119 | ) | — | — | (2,119 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Tax withholdings related to net share settlements of restricted stock units | — | — | (4,185 | ) | — | — | (4,185 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2016 | 48,776 | 5 | 360,462 | 130,249 | (16,435 | ) | 474,281 | ||||||||||||||||
Components of comprehensive loss, net of tax: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net loss | — | — | — | (79,143 | ) | — | (79,143 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, net of tax | — | — | — | — | 145 | 145 | |||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | — | — | — | 9,836 | 9,836 | |||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options, vesting of restricted stock units and other common stock issuances | 1,551 | — | 5,964 | — | — | 5,964 | |||||||||||||||||
Repurchase of common stock | (700 | ) | — | — | (8,290 | ) | — | (8,290 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Dividends declared | — | — | — | (2,482 | ) | — | (2,482 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation | — | — | 14,642 | — | — | 14,642 | |||||||||||||||||
Cumulative-effect adjustment from adoption of ASU 2016-09 | — | — | 1,408 | (923 | ) | — | 485 | ||||||||||||||||
Tax withholdings related to net share settlements of restricted stock units | — | — | (5,683 | ) | — | — | (5,683 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2017 | 49,627 | $ | 5 | $ | 376,793 | $ | 39,411 | $ | (6,454 | ) | $ | 409,755 | |||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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RPX Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Operating activities | |||||||||||
Net income (loss) | $ | (79,143 | ) | $ | 18,235 | $ | 39,422 | ||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 168,143 | 171,623 | 145,835 | ||||||||
Stock-based compensation | 14,599 | 18,275 | 17,594 | ||||||||
Excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation | — | (103 | ) | (1,593 | ) | ||||||
Gain on sale of patent assets, net | — | — | (592 | ) | |||||||
Amortization of premium and discount on investments | 1,273 | 2,247 | 6,666 | ||||||||
Deferred taxes | 14,451 | (13,951 | ) | (13,010 | ) | ||||||
Unrealized foreign currency (gain) loss | (1,957 | ) | 2,689 | — | |||||||
Fair value adjustments on deferred payment obligations | — | (1,920 | ) | (3,887 | ) | ||||||
Gain on extinguishment of deferred payment obligation | — | (463 | ) | (3,000 | ) | ||||||
Impairment losses | 94,051 | — | 5,096 | ||||||||
Realized loss on exchange of short-term investments | — | 290 | 3,444 | ||||||||
Other | 1,792 | 2,457 | (60 | ) | |||||||
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of business acquired: | |||||||||||
Accounts receivable | 14,136 | (39,737 | ) | 10,888 | |||||||
Prepaid expenses and other assets | (21,168 | ) | 10,344 | (17,651 | ) | ||||||
Accounts payable | (1,080 | ) | 923 | 724 | |||||||
Accrued and other liabilities | (80 | ) | 1,693 | 4,631 | |||||||
Deferred revenue | (23,539 | ) | 14,654 | (21,284 | ) | ||||||
Net cash provided by operating activities | 181,478 | 187,256 | 173,223 | ||||||||
Investing activities | |||||||||||
Purchases of investments | (39,491 | ) | (70,980 | ) | (273,853 | ) | |||||
Maturities of investments | 107,115 | 60,143 | 254,360 | ||||||||
Sales of investments | 3,300 | 145,925 | 21,650 | ||||||||
Business acquisition, net of cash acquired | — | (228,452 | ) | (425 | ) | ||||||
Decrease in restricted cash | 248 | 298 | 247 | ||||||||
Purchases of property and equipment | (1,316 | ) | (3,667 | ) | (2,163 | ) | |||||
Acquisitions of patent assets | (106,343 | ) | (116,742 | ) | (132,834 | ) | |||||
Proceeds from sale of patent assets | — | — | 650 | ||||||||
Acquisition of other assets | — | — | (2,500 | ) | |||||||
Net cash used in investing activities | (36,487 | ) | (213,475 | ) | (134,868 | ) | |||||
Financing activities | |||||||||||
Repayments of principal on deferred payment obligations | — | — | (2,935 | ) | |||||||
Proceeds from deferred payment obligations | — | — | 6,270 | ||||||||
Proceeds from issuance of term debt | — | 100,000 | — | ||||||||
Payment of debt issuance costs | — | (2,003 | ) | — | |||||||
Repayment of principal on term debt | (96,250 | ) | (3,750 | ) | — | ||||||
Deferred acquisition payment | — | (1,320 | ) | — | |||||||
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 5,964 | 3,766 | 4,953 | ||||||||
Taxes paid related to net-share settlements of restricted stock units | (5,683 | ) | (4,185 | ) | (5,097 | ) | |||||
Excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation | — | 103 | 1,593 | ||||||||
Payments of capital leases | (345 | ) | (461 | ) | — | ||||||
Payments of dividends to stockholders | (2,482 | ) | — | — | |||||||
Repurchase of common stock | (8,290 | ) | (60,101 | ) | (26,175 | ) | |||||
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (107,086 | ) | 32,049 | (21,391 | ) | ||||||
Foreign-currency effect on cash and cash equivalents | 694 | (702 | ) | — | |||||||
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 38,599 | 5,128 | 16,964 | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 100,111 | 94,983 | 78,019 | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 138,710 | $ | 100,111 | $ | 94,983 | |||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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RPX Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)
(in thousands)
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information | |||||||||||
Cash paid for interest | $ | 2,874 | $ | 2,571 | $ | — | |||||
Cash paid for income taxes | 7,905 | 15,078 | 23,969 | ||||||||
Non-cash investing and financing activities | |||||||||||
Change in patent assets purchased and accrued but not paid | $ | 333 | $ | (333 | ) | $ | — | ||||
Change in fixed assets purchased and accrued but not paid | — | 565 | — | ||||||||
Patent assets and intangible assets received in barter transactions | — | 381 | 2,203 | ||||||||
Nonmonetary exchange for investments | — | — | 5,935 | ||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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RPX Corporation
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. | Nature of Business |
RPX Corporation (also referred to herein as “RPX” or the “Company”) helps companies reduce patent litigation risk and corporate legal expense through two primary service offerings: its patent risk management services and its discovery services.
The Company's patent risk management services help companies reduce patent-related risk and expense through subscription-based services that facilitate more efficient exchanges of value between owners and users of patents compared to transactions driven by actual or threatened litigation. The Company’s patent risk management membership clients pay an annual subscription fee and in return, receive access to substantially all of the Company's patent portfolio as well as an array of services provided throughout their membership. Access to these services is available primarily through discussions with the Company's professionals—particularly client services and its team of patent experts, as well as through a proprietary database, and attendance of regularly scheduled conferences.
In addition to its subscription-based patent risk management services, the Company underwrites patent infringement liability insurance policies to insure against certain costs of litigation. The Company uses a reinsurance subsidiary company to assume a portion of the underwriting risk on the insurance policies that the Company issues on behalf of third party underwriters. To date, the effect of the insurance policies that the Company has assumed through its reinsurance business has not been material to the Company’s results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
In January 2016, the Company acquired Inventus Solutions, Inc. ("Inventus"), now a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, and began offering its discovery services, which consist of technology-enabled services to assist law firms and corporate legal departments manage costs and risks related to the legal discovery process. The Company's discovery services include data hosting and backup, data processing and collection, project management, document review, and traditional document production. All of these services are designed to streamline the administration of litigation, investigations, and regulatory compliance.
2.Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of RPX and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, contingent assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period covered by the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company bases its estimates on various factors and information which may include, but are not limited to, history and prior experience, expected future results, new related events and current economic conditions, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Significant estimates and assumptions made by management include the determination of:
• | the assumptions and methods used in deriving the fair value of goodwill and long-lived assets; |
• | the estimated economic useful lives of patent assets; |
• | the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed for business combinations; |
• | recognition and measurement of current and deferred income taxes, any related valuation allowances, and uncertain tax positions; |
• | the fair value of stock awards issued; |
• | the assumptions and methods used in deriving the fair value of deferred payment obligations; |
• | the determination of a best estimated selling price of a subscription and patent infringement liability insurance; |
• | the estimated reserves for known and incurred but not reported claims; and |
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• | trade receivable allowance for doubtful accounts. |
Revenue Recognition
Through December 31, 2017, the Company recognized revenue in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 605, Revenue Recognition (“ASC 605”) and related authoritative guidance, our policy on which is included below. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company began recognizing revenue in accordance with ASC 606 which is explained further below under the heading "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" in this "Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies" footnote.
Patent Risk Management
The primary source of the Company's revenue from its patent risk management services offering is fees paid by its clients under subscription agreements. The Company believes that the subscription component of its patent risk management service offering comprises a single deliverable and thus it recognizes each subscription fee ratably over the period for which the fee applies. Revenue is recognized net of any discounts or other contractual incentives. The Company starts recognizing revenue when all of the following criteria have been met:
• | Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists. All subscription fees are supported by an executed subscription agreement. |
• | Delivery has occurred or services have been rendered. The subscription agreement calls for the Company to provide its patent risk management services over a specific term commencing on the agreement effective date. Because services are not on an individualized basis (i.e., the Company generally performs its services on behalf of all of its clients as opposed to each client individually), delivery occurs automatically with the passage of time. Consequently, the Company recognizes subscription revenue ratably. |
• | Seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable. Each client’s annual subscription fee is based either on a rate card in effect at the time of the client’s initial agreement or through a fixed fee which is risk-adjusted based on the client's specific patent risk profile. A client’s subscription fee on rate card is generally determined using its rate card and its normalized operating income, which is defined as the greater of (i) the average of its operating income for the three most recently reported fiscal years and (ii) 5% of its revenue for the most recently reported fiscal year. The fee for the first year of the agreement is typically determined and invoiced at the time of contract execution. The fee for each subsequent year of the agreement is generally calculated and invoiced in advance prior to each anniversary date of the agreement. |
• | Collectability is reasonably assured. Subscription fees are generally collected on or near the effective date of the agreement and again at or near each anniversary date thereof. The Company does not recognize revenue in instances where collectability is not reasonably assured. Generally, the Company's subscription agreements state that all fees paid are non-refundable. |
In some limited instances, the subscription agreement includes a contingency clause, giving one or both parties an option to terminate the agreement and receive a full refund if contingencies are not resolved within a defined time period. In those instances, revenue will not be recognized until the contingency has been satisfied. The revenue earned during the period between the effective date of the agreement and the contingency removal date is recognized on the contingency removal date. Thereafter, revenue is recognized ratably over the remaining subscription term.
The Company's patent risk management clients generally receive a term license to, and a release from all prior damages associated with, patent assets in the Company's portfolio. The term license to each patent asset typically converts to a perpetual license at the end of a contractually specified vesting period, provided that the client is a member at such time. The Company does not view the conversion from term license to perpetual license to be a separate deliverable in its arrangements with its clients because the utility of, access to and freedom to practice the inventions covered by the patent asset is no different between a term and perpetual license.
In some instances, the Company accepts a payment from a client to finance part or all of a patent asset acquisition. We refer to such transactions as syndicated acquisitions. The accounting for syndicated acquisitions can be complex and often requires judgments on the part of management as to the appropriate accounting treatment. In accordance with ASC 605-45, Revenue Recognition: Principal Agent Considerations, in instances where the Company substantively acts as an agent to acquire patent rights from a seller on behalf of clients who are paying for such rights separately from their subscription agreements, the Company may treat the client payments on a net basis. When treated on a net basis, there may be little or no revenue recognized for such contributions, and the basis of the acquired patent rights may exclude the amounts paid by the contributing client based on our determination that the Company is not the principal in these transactions. In these situations, where the Company substantively acts as an
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agent, the contributing clients are typically defendants in an active or threatened patent infringement litigation filed by the owner of a patent. The Company's involvement is to assist our clients to secure a dismissal from litigation and a license to the underlying patents.
Key indicators evaluated to determine the Company's role as either principal or agent in the transaction include, among others:
• | the entity to grant the license of the patent(s) is generally viewed as the primary obligor in the arrangement, given that it owns and controls the underlying patent(s) and thus has the absolute authority to grant and deliver any release from past damages and dismissal from litigation, and typically determines the general terms of the license(s) granted; |
• | the Company's inventory risk in the transaction, which is typically mitigated, as its clients often enter into contractual obligations with the Company prior to or contemporaneous with the Company entering into a contractual obligation with the seller; |
• | the Company has pricing latitude as it negotiates client contributions, however, this latitude is often limited as the economics of the transaction ultimately depend on the sales price set by the seller; |
• | the Company is not involved in the determination of the product or service specification and has no ability to change the product or perform any part of the service in connection with these transactions, as the seller owns the underlying patent(s); and |
• | the Company's credit risk taken on the transaction, which is generally limited as each respective client has a contractually binding obligation, such clients are generally of high credit quality and in some instances, the Company collects the client contribution prior to making a payment to the seller. |
In certain syndicated transactions, the Company may recognize revenue upon the sale of licenses to specific patent assets and/or upon completion of the rendering of advisory services.
Revenue recognition for arrangements with multiple deliverables. A multiple-element arrangement may include the sale of a subscription to the Company's patent risk management services and an insurance policy to cover certain costs associated with patent infringement litigation, each of which are individually considered separate units of accounting. Each element within a multiple-element arrangement is accounted for as a separate unit of accounting given that the delivered products have value to the customer on a standalone basis. The Company considers a deliverable to have standalone value if the product or service is sold separately by us or another vendor. The delivery of insurance coverage is not dependent on a client’s subscription to the Company's patent risk management services. While the Company believes its insurance product offering is unique, its clients are able to purchase insurance coverage as a standalone product from other providers. The Company sells the components of its patent risk management services on a standalone basis. To date, the effect of the insurance policies that the Company has assumed through its reinsurance business has not been material to the Company’s results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
Multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separated into different units of accounting and the arrangement consideration is allocated to the identified separate units based on a relative selling price hierarchy. For our patent risk management service offering, we determine the relative selling price for a deliverable based on its best estimate of selling price ("BESP"). We have determined that vendor-specific objective evidence ("VSOE") and third-party evidence ("TPE") are not available for our patent risk management deliverables.
The Company has determined its BESP for a subscription to our patent risk management services based on the following:
• | List price, which represents the rates listed on our annual rate card. The Company publishes a standard rate card annually. Each client’s subscription fee is typically calculated using the applicable rate card and its normalized operating income, which is defined as the greater of (i) 5% of the client’s most recently reported fiscal year’s revenue, and (ii) the average of the three most recently reported fiscal years’ operating income of the client. Each client’s annual subscription fee is reset annually based on its normalized operating income for its most recently completed fiscal years. |
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The Company has determined its BESP for its insurance product based on the following:
• | Actuarially determined factors. Although the Company sells its insurance product both on a standalone basis and as a component of a multiple-element arrangement, the pricing is not affected by the subscription to our patent risk management services. The Company uses an actuarial model that calculates an individual client’s insurance premium based on its projected annual frequency (i.e., number of claims during the policy term) and severity (i.e., the amount which it expects to settle a claim). |
Discovery Services
Revenue from the Company's discovery services is primarily generated from the following:
• | data hosting fees based on data stored and number of users; |
• | fees for month-to-month delivery of services, such as data processing (conversion of data into organized, searchable electronic database), project management and data collection services; |
• | document review services which assist clients in the manual review of data responsive to a legal matter; and |
• | printing and binding services (paper-based services). |
The Company enters into agreements pursuant to which the Company offers various discovery services. Clients are generally billed monthly based on contractual unit prices and volumes for services delivered. The agreements are typically for an indefinite period of time, however, they are cancelable at will by either party. The Company is entitled to all fees incurred for services performed. The majority of the Company's discovery services revenue comes from two types of billing arrangements: usage based and fixed fee.
Usage-based arrangements require the client to pay based upon predetermined unit prices and volumes for data hosing, data processing and paper-based services. Project management and review hours are billed based upon the number of hours worked by certain client service professionals at agreed upon rates.
In fixed-fee billing arrangements, the Company agrees to a pre-established monthly fee over a specified term in exchange for various services. The fees are not tied to the attainment of any contractually defined objectives and the monthly fee is nonrefundable.
Based on an evaluation of the discovery services delivered to each client, the Company has determined that each deliverable has stand-alone value to the client as each of the Company’s discovery services can be sold on a stand-alone basis by the Company and the discovery services are available from other vendors. Additionally, discovery services do not carry a significant degree of risk or unique acceptance criteria that would require a dependency on the performance of future services. The Company recognizes revenue from these arrangements based on contractually stated prices. The Company allocates revenue to the various units of accounting in its arrangements based on the best estimate of selling price for each unit of accounting, which are consistent with the stated prices in those arrangements.
Based on an evaluation of the discovery services delivered to each client, the Company determined each deliverable has stand-alone value to the client as each of its discovery services can be sold on a stand-alone basis by the Company and the discovery services are available from other vendors. Additionally, discovery services do not carry a significant degree of risk or unique acceptance criteria that would require a dependency on the performance of future services.
The Company determines the relative selling price for a discovery services deliverable based on its VSOE, if available, or its BESP, if VSOE is not available. The Company has determined that TPE is not a practical alternative due to differences in its service offerings compared to other parties and the availability of relevant third-party pricing information. The Company allocates revenue to the various units of accounting in its arrangements based on the BESP for each unit of accounting, which are consistent with the stated prices in those arrangements.
The Company’s discovery services arrangements do not include any substantive general rights of return or other contingencies.
Sales and value added taxes collected from clients are not considered revenue and are included in accrued liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets until remitted to the taxing authorities.
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Accounting for Payments to Clients
The Company occasionally agrees to provide payments, discounts or other contractual incentives to clients in exchange for specified consideration. The Company accounts for such contract provisions in accordance with ASC 605-50, Revenue Recognition: Customer Payments and Incentives, which requires the Company to offset the amount of the payment, discount or other contractual incentive against revenue if the Company is unable to demonstrate both receipt of an identifiable benefit and determine the fair value of the benefit received.
Deferred Revenue
The Company generally invoices its patent risk management clients upon execution of a new agreement and prior to their anniversary date for existing agreements. The Company records the amount of fees billed as deferred revenue and recognizes such amounts as revenue ratably over the period for which they apply. The Company typically records deferred revenue when it has the legal right to bill amounts owed and the applicable service period has commenced. In an instance where a term has commenced but the fees have not yet been invoiced, the Company records an unbilled receivable. Deferred revenue that will be recognized during the succeeding 12-month period from the respective balance sheet date is recorded as deferred revenue, current, and the remaining portion is recorded as non-current.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and are non-interest bearing. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts to reserve for potentially uncollectible receivables. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on the expected ability to collect accounts receivable. The Company reviews accounts receivable to identify amounts due from clients which are past due to identify specific clients with known disputes or collectability issues. In determining the allowance for doubtful accounts, the Company makes judgments about the creditworthiness of significant customers based on ongoing credit evaluations. The Company's allowance for doubtful accounts was $0.6 million and $0.9 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Concentration of Risk
The Company is subject to concentrations of credit risk principally attributable to cash, cash equivalents, investments, accounts receivable and other receivables. The Company’s non-restricted cash balances deposited in U.S. banks are non-interest bearing and are insured up to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) limits. Cash equivalents primarily consist of institutional money market funds and municipal bonds denominated primarily in U.S. dollars. Investment policies have been implemented that limit purchases of debt securities to investment-grade securities.
As of December 31, 2017, two clients individually accounted for 15% and 11% of accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2016, one client individually accounted for 39% of accounts receivable. No client accounted for 10% or more of revenue in any of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 or 2015.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. The Company defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or that would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities, which are required to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which the Company would transact and the market-based risk measurements or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, such as risks inherent in valuation techniques, transfer restrictions and credit risk. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:
Level 1 – Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and readily accessible by the Company at the reporting date.
Level 2 – Valuations based on inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 – Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable.
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The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, which include cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, other receivables and accounts payable, approximate their fair values due to their short maturities.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company’s cash and cash equivalents principally consist of commercial paper, institutional money market funds, municipal and corporate bonds, and U.S. government and agency securities denominated primarily in U.S. dollars. Cash equivalents are highly liquid, short-term investments having an original maturity of 90 days or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash.
Short-Term Investments
The Company holds short-term investments in municipal and corporate bonds primarily maturing between 90 days and 12 months, commercial paper, and U.S. government and agency securities. The Company considers its investments as available to support current operations. As a result, the Company classifies its investments, including those with stated maturities beyond twelve months, as current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company primarily classifies these securities as “available-for-sale” and carries them at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets. Unrealized gains or losses are recorded, net of estimated taxes, in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses are recognized upon sale or exchange. The specific identification method is used to determine the cost basis of fixed income securities sold.
The Company periodically evaluates its investments for impairment due to declines in market value considered to be “other-than-temporary.” This evaluation consists of several qualitative and quantitative factors, including the Company’s ability and intent to hold the investment until a forecasted recovery occurs, as well as any decline in the investment quality of the security and the severity and duration of the unrealized loss. In the event of a determination that a decline in market value is other-than-temporary, the Company will recognize an impairment loss, and a new cost basis in the investment will be established. The Company did not record an other-than-temporary impairment on its short-term investments in either year ended December 31, 2017 or 2016 and recorded an other-than-temporary impairment on its short-term investments of $5.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2015.
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using a straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which are generally three to five years. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, and improvements and betterments are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the consolidated balance sheet and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statement of operations in the period realized. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, or the useful life of the assets, whichever is shorter.
Internal-Use Software and Website Development Costs
The Company capitalizes development costs related to internal-use software and its website and records such amounts as property and equipment, net, in its consolidated balance sheets. These costs include personnel-related expenses and consultant fees incurred during the application development stages of the project. Costs related to preliminary project activities, minor enhancement and maintenance, and post implementation activities are expensed as incurred. Internal-use software is amortized on a straight-line basis over its useful life, which is generally three years, beginning on the date the software is placed into service. Management evaluates the useful lives of these assets on an annual basis and tests for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances occur that could impact the recoverability of these assets.
During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company capitalized $0.8 million, $1.3 million, and $2.3 million, respectively, of internal-use software and website development costs. Amortization of internal-use software was $1.4 million, $1.5 million, $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Patent Assets, Net
The Company generally acquires patent assets from third parties using cash. Patent assets are recorded at fair value at acquisition. The fair value of the assets acquired is generally based on the fair value of the consideration
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exchanged. The asset value includes the cost of external legal and other fees associated with the acquisition of the assets. Costs incurred to maintain and prosecute patents and patent applications are expensed as incurred.
Because each client generally receives a license to the majority of the Company’s patent assets, the Company is unable to reliably determine the pattern over which its patent assets are consumed. As a result, the Company amortizes each patent asset on a straight-line basis. The amortization period is equal to the asset’s estimated economic useful life. Estimating the economic useful life of patent assets requires significant management judgment. The Company considers various factors in estimating the economic useful lives of its patent assets, including the remaining statutory life of the underlying patents, the applicability of the assets to future clients, the vesting period for current clients to obtain perpetual licenses to such patent assets, any contractual commitments by clients that are related to such patent assets, its estimate of the period of time during which the Company may sign subscription agreements with prospective clients that may find relevance in the patent assets, and the remaining contractual term of the Company’s existing clients at the time of acquisition. In certain instances, where the Company acquires patent assets and secures related client committed cash flows that extend beyond the statutory life of the underlying patent assets, the useful life may extend beyond the statutory life of the patent assets. As of December 31, 2017, the estimated economic useful life of the Company’s patent assets generally ranged from 24 to 60 months. The weighted-average estimated economic useful life of patent assets acquired since inception was 38 months. The weighted-average estimated economic useful life of patent assets acquired during the year ended December 31, 2017 was 25 months. The Company periodically evaluates whether events and circumstances have occurred that may warrant a revision to the remaining estimated useful life of its patent assets.
In some instances, the Company accepts a payment from a client to finance part or all of an acquisition involving patent assets that may cost more than the Company is prepared to spend with its own capital resources or that are relevant only to a small number of clients. In these instances, the Company facilitates syndicated transactions that include cash contributions from participating clients in addition to their annual subscription fees.
In instances where the Company sells patent assets, the amount of consideration received is compared to the asset’s carrying value to determine and recognize a gain or loss, which is recorded within gain on sale of patent assets, net in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
Intangible Assets, Net
Intangible assets, net primarily consists of intangible assets acquired through business combinations. Such assets are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets, net excludes patent related intangible assets, which are recorded within patent assets, net in the consolidated balance sheets.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company assesses the recoverability of its long-lived assets, which include patent assets, other intangible assets, and property and equipment, when events or changes in circumstances indicate their carrying value may not be recoverable. Such events or changes in circumstances may include: a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which a long-lived asset is being used, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate that could affect the value of a long-lived asset, an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or development of a long-lived asset, current or future operating or cash flow losses that demonstrate continuing losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset or a current expectation that, more-likely-than-not, a long-lived asset will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. The Company licenses a majority of the portfolio of patent assets to all of its membership clients and thus views these assets as a single asset group. The Company assesses recoverability of a long-lived asset by determining whether the carrying value of these assets can be recovered through projected undiscounted cash flows. If the carrying value of the assets exceeds the forecasted undiscounted cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized, and is recorded as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value. An impairment loss is charged to operations in the period in which management determines such impairment. To date, there have been no impairments of long-lived assets identified.
Goodwill
The Company reviews goodwill for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. A company may first assess the qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as
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a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment. If the quantitative goodwill impairment test is performed, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying amount. Such valuations require making significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Significant estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows from acquired and current clients, acquired technology, and trade names from a market participant perspective, useful lives, and discount rates. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, any excess of the goodwill carrying amount over the implied fair value is recognized as an impairment charge, and the carrying value of goodwill is written down to fair value.
The Company performed its 2017 annual goodwill impairment test using a quantitative approach for its discovery services reporting units and a qualitative approach for its patent risk management business. The quantitative approach used for its discovery services segment includes comparing the carrying value to the fair values of each reporting unit using a discounted cash flow methodology with a comparable business approach which utilizes Level 3 inputs. Cash flow projections are based on management’s estimates of growth rates and operating margins, taking into consideration industry and market conditions. The discount rate used is based on the weighted-average cost of capital adjusted for the relevant risk associated with business-specific characteristics and the uncertainty related to the reporting units' ability to execute on the projected cash flows. These tests resulted in the carrying values of the discovery services reporting units exceeding the fair values primarily due to (1) decreased expected future cash flows from pricing pressures and competition in the discovery services marketplace as well as significant fluctuations due to the project-based nature of these cash flows, and (2) a decrease in estimated peer company values. As a result, the Company recognized a goodwill impairment loss of $89.0 million in its consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017. No other goodwill impairment losses were recorded as a part of the Company's annual impairment analyses.
Other Assets
The Company's other assets consist primarily of cost method investments that are long term in nature. The Company reviews these investments for recoverability and if a decline in fair value is considered to be other-than-temporary, an impairment loss is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $5.0 million related to these cost method investments reducing the recorded value to its new amortized cost basis which represents its estimated fair value of $0.6 million.
Advertising Costs
The Company expenses advertising costs as they are incurred. Advertising expenses were not material for any period presented.
Foreign Currency Accounting
The functional currencies of the Company’s international subsidiaries are the U.S. dollar and British pound sterling. The Company's primary foreign subsidiary uses the local currency of its respective country as its functional currency. Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date, while revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the year. Gains and losses resulting from the translation of our consolidated balance sheet are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are recognized in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using an asset and liability approach, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets or liabilities for the tax-effected temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of its assets and liabilities and for net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by the amount of any tax benefits that, based on available evidence, are not expected to be realized.
The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income, and to the extent the Company believes that recovery is not likely, the Company establishes a valuation allowance.
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Judgment is required in determining the Company’s provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and any valuation allowance recorded against the net deferred tax assets.
The calculation of the Company’s tax liabilities involves uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across its global operations. ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”) provides that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, on the basis of the technical merits. ASC 740 also provides guidance on measurement, derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition.
The Company recognizes tax liabilities in accordance with ASC 740 and adjusts these liabilities when its judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from its current estimate of the tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information is available.
The tax expense or benefit for unusual or infrequently occurring items and items that do not represent a tax effect of current-year ordinary income are treated as discrete items and recorded in the interim period in which the events occur.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for stock-based compensation for equity-settled awards issued to employees and directors under ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). ASC 718 requires that stock-based compensation expense for equity-settled awards made to employees and directors be measured based on the estimated grant date fair value and recognized over the requisite service period. These equity-settled awards include stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-based RSUs which include a service condition, some of which also include a market condition or performance condition (“PBRSUs”).
The fair value of stock options is estimated as of the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of RSUs is estimated based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. For stock options and RSUs, the fair value of an award is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Through 2016, forfeitures were estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from initial estimates. Starting in 2017, forfeitures are recognized as they occur as a reduction to compensation expense.
The fair value of PBRSUs that include performance conditions is estimated by reference to the fair value of the underlying shares on the date of grant. The fair value of PBRSUs that include market conditions is estimated as of the date of grant using the Monte-Carlo simulation model. Stock-based compensation expense for PBRSUs is recognized over the derived service period for each tranche (or market or performance condition). Because the Company’s PBRSUs have multiple derived service periods, it uses the graded-vesting attribution method. The graded vesting attribution method requires a company to recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period for each vesting tranche of the award as though the award were, in substance, multiple awards. The compensation expense for PBRSUs with market conditions will only be reversible if the employee terminates prior to completing the requisite service periods for these awards (i.e., compensation expense will not be reversed if the market condition is not met). For PBRSUs that include performance conditions, the Company only recognizes compensation expense for those awards for which vesting is determined to be probable upon satisfaction of certain performance criteria.
Estimates of the fair value of equity-settled awards as of the grant date using valuation models, such as the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and a Monte-Carlo simulation model, are affected by assumptions regarding a number of complex variables. Changes in the assumptions can materially affect the fair value and ultimately how much stock-based compensation expense is recognized. These inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop. The Company calculates the expected term for stock options based on historical exercise patterns and post-vesting termination behavior. Volatility is calculated based on the implied volatility of the Company's publicly traded stock. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues similar in duration to the expected term of the equity-settled award.
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Business Combinations
The Company applies the provisions of ASC 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”), in the accounting for its business acquisitions. ASC 805 requires companies to recognize goodwill separately from the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, which are valued at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed.
The Company uses significant estimates and assumptions, including fair value estimates, to determine fair value of assets acquired, liabilities assumed and, when applicable, the related useful lives of the acquired assets, as of the business combination date. When those estimates are provisional, the Company refines them as necessary during the measurement period. The measurement period is the period after the acquisition date, not to exceed one year, in which the Company may gather new information about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date to adjust the provisional amounts recognized. Measurement period adjustments are applied retrospectively. All other adjustments are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.
Reserves for Known and Incurred but not Reported Claims
Reserves for known and incurred but not reported claims represent estimated claims costs and related expenses for patent infringement liability insurance policies in effect. Reserves for known claims are established based on individual case estimates. The Company uses actuarial models and techniques to estimate the reserve for incurred but not reported claims.
Loss expense for known and incurred but not reported claims are charged to earnings after deducting recoverable amounts under our reinsurance contract. Loss expense for known and incurred but not reported claims associated with policies that the Company issued on behalf of third party underwriters are charged to earnings for the portion of the underwriting risk that the Company assumes.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2017-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting ("ASU 2017-09") which clarifies the changes to terms or conditions of a share-based payment award that require an entity to apply modification accounting. ASU 2017-09 is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods therein, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early application is permitted and prospective application is required. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08, Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities (“ASU 2017-08”), which shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium. Specifically, the amendments require the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. For public entities, ASU 2017-08 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-05, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets: Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets. This ASU was issued to clarify the scope of the previous standard and to add guidance for partial sales of nonfinancial assets and is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill and eliminates the two-step goodwill impairment test. Under the new guidance, an annual or interim goodwill impairment test is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, and an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. The amendment also eliminates the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment and two-step goodwill impairment test. The ASU is effective prospectively for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company early adopted this ASU for goodwill impairment tests beginning in 2017.
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In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations: Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which provides a more robust framework to use in determining when a set of assets and activities is a business. This ASU is effective prospectively for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company will apply this guidance to applicable transactions after the adoption date.
In February 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”), which requires lessees to put most leases on their balance sheets but recognize the expenses on their income statements in a manner similar to current practice. ASU 2016-02 states that a lessee would recognize a lease liability for the obligation to make lease payments and a right-to-use asset for the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. The new standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Through December 31, 2017, the Company recognized revenue in accordance with FASB ASC 605, Revenue Recognition (“ASC 605”) and related authoritative guidance. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company began recognizing revenue in accordance with FASB ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606" or the "standard") under which revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, ASC 606 requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers.
Two methods of adoption are permitted: retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented (full retrospective method), or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application (modified retrospective method). The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2018 using the full retrospective method to restate each prior reporting period presented. In preparation for adoption of the standard, the Company implemented internal controls to enable the preparation of financial information and has reached conclusions on key accounting assessments related to the standard.
The new standard’s most significant impact to the Company’s financial information relates to the identification of multiple performance obligations from its patent risk management membership subscription and the timing and amount of recognition for these separable performance obligations. Specifically, the Company recognizes separate performance obligations under ASC 606 for certain discrete patent assets transferred to its membership clients (“catalyst license”) as well as for access to the patent portfolio that clients obtain when becoming a member or renewing membership (“portfolio access license”). The revenue generated from these additional performance obligations is recognized at a point in time under ASC 606. Formerly, under ASC 605, the Company generally recognized membership fees ratably on a gross basis over the term of the customer contract. Therefore, the adoption of ASC 606 increases the variability of revenue recognized from the Company's patent risk management services from period to period as well as reduces revenue and patent assets, and related amortization of these patent assets, previously treated on a gross basis under ASC 605 that are treated on a net basis against patent assets under ASC 606 due to the additional separable performance obligations.
ASC 606 also requires the Company to make significant judgments in determining stand-alone selling price (“SSP”) for each distinct performance obligation. The Company’s patent licenses are not sold or priced separately from its patent risk management service and are sold at a broad range of amounts which is in the form of a bundled membership fee. The Company typically has more than one SSP for the same licenses and services based on a member’s individual perceived patent risk. As such, the Company is required to determine SSP using inputs that are not directly observable. The Company considers all information that is available and maximizes the use of observable inputs in its determination of SSP.
Revenue recognition related to the Company’s discovery services segment and its patent risk management insurance offering is not materially changed under ASC 606.
The adoption of ASC 606 is expected to result in an estimated reduction of revenue of approximately $36 million and $23 million for fiscal years 2017 and 2016, respectively, with a corresponding expected decrease in cost of revenue of approximately $27 million and $32 million for fiscal years 2017 and 2016, respectively. This decrease in revenue and cost of revenue is primarily attributable to a portion of the Company’s catalyst license revenue and patent assets being treated on a net basis under ASC 606 as well as variability in the timing of revenue recognition of the patent licenses being recognized at a point in time. The Company's selling, general and administrative expenses is expected to increase in 2017 by approximately $1 million and decrease in 2016 by approximately $1 million due to the assessment of collectability
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as a result of adopting ASC 606. The Company is still assessing the impact of ASC 606 to its provision for income taxes and consolidated balance sheets and expects these impacts to be material.
3. | Net Income (Loss) Per Share |
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share are computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, including potentially dilutive shares. Potentially dilutive shares include outstanding stock options, RSUs, and PBRSUs. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive shares is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, an increase in the fair value of the Company's common stock can result in a greater dilutive effect from potentially dilutive shares.
The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share (in thousands, except for per share data):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Net income (loss) per share: | |||||||||||
Numerator: | |||||||||||
Net income (loss) | $ | (79,143 | ) | $ | 18,235 | $ | 39,422 | ||||
Denominator: | |||||||||||
Basic shares: | |||||||||||
Weighted-average shares used in computing basic net income (loss) per share | 49,240 | 50,462 | 54,432 | ||||||||
Diluted shares: | |||||||||||
Weighted-average shares used in computing basic net income (loss) per share | 49,240 | 50,462 | 54,432 | ||||||||
Dilutive effect of stock options and restricted stock units using treasury-stock method | — | 539 | 978 | ||||||||
Weighted-average shares used in computing diluted net income (loss) per share | 49,240 | 51,001 | 55,410 | ||||||||
Net income (loss) per share: | |||||||||||
Basic | $ | (1.61 | ) | $ | 0.36 | $ | 0.72 | ||||
Diluted | $ | (1.61 | ) | $ | 0.36 | $ | 0.71 | ||||
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 the following securities were not included in the calculation of diluted shares outstanding, as the effect would have been anti-dilutive (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||
Weighted-average: | ||||||||
Stock options outstanding | 901 | — | 663 | |||||
Restricted stock units outstanding | 740 | 2 | 263 | |||||
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4. | Financial Instruments |
The following tables present the Company's financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):
December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortized Cost | Unrealized | Estimated Fair Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
Gains | Losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash equivalents: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial paper | $ | 13,035 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 13,035 | $ | — | $ | 13,035 | |||||||||||
Corporate bonds | 1,205 | — | — | 1,205 | — | 1,205 | |||||||||||||||||
Money market funds | 52,267 | — | — | 52,267 | 52,267 | — | |||||||||||||||||
Municipal bonds | 13,060 | — | — | 13,060 | — | 13,060 | |||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency securities | 13,101 | — | — | 13,101 | — | 13,101 | |||||||||||||||||
$ | 92,668 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 92,668 | $ | 52,267 | $ | 40,401 | ||||||||||||
Short-term investments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial paper | $ | 1,994 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,994 | $ | — | $ | 1,994 | |||||||||||
Corporate bonds | 3,074 | — | (3 | ) | 3,071 | — | 3,071 | ||||||||||||||||
Municipal bonds | 11,888 | — | (3 | ) | 11,885 | — | 11,885 | ||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency securities | 1,508 | — | (3 | ) | 1,505 | — | 1,505 | ||||||||||||||||
$ | 18,464 | $ | — | $ | (9 | ) | $ | 18,455 | $ | — | $ | 18,455 | |||||||||||
December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortized Cost | Unrealized | Estimated Fair Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
Gains | Losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash equivalents: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Money market funds | $ | 30,286 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 30,286 | $ | 30,286 | $ | — | |||||||||||
Municipal bonds | 3,070 | — | — | 3,070 | — | 3,070 | |||||||||||||||||
$ | 33,356 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 33,356 | $ | 30,286 | $ | 3,070 | ||||||||||||
Short-term investments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial paper | $ | 4,296 | $ | — | $ | (3 | ) | $ | 4,293 | $ | — | $ | 4,293 | ||||||||||
Corporate bonds | 10,856 | — | (13 | ) | 10,843 | — | 10,843 | ||||||||||||||||
Equity securities | 123 | — | (78 | ) | 45 | 45 | — | ||||||||||||||||
Municipal bonds | 55,723 | — | (65 | ) | 55,658 | — | 55,658 | ||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency securities | 20,033 | 9 | (4 | ) | 20,038 | 20,038 | — | ||||||||||||||||
$ | 91,031 | $ | 9 | $ | (163 | ) | $ | 90,877 | $ | 20,083 | $ | 70,794 | |||||||||||
The Company's financial investments are generally classified as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, included as a separate component of stockholders’ equity within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, the Company realized losses on the sales and exchanges of short-term investments of nil , $0.3 million, and $3.4 million, respectively, and other-than-temporary impairments on its short-term investments of nil ,nil, and $5.1 million respectively, which are included in the consolidated statements of operations within other income (expense), net.
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, approximately 100% and 96%, respectively, of the Company's marketable security investments mature within one year and 0% and 4%, respectively, mature within one to five years. As of December 31, 2017, no individual security incurred continuous unrealized losses for greater than 12 months.
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5. | Patent Assets, Net |
Patent assets, net consisted of the following (in thousands):
December 31, 2016 | Additions | Disposals | December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||
Patent assets | $ | 932,283 | $ | 106,010 | $ | (7,857 | ) | $ | 1,030,436 | ||||||
Accumulated amortization | (719,284 | ) | (155,592 | ) | 7,488 | (867,388 | ) | ||||||||
Patent assets, net | $ | 212,999 | $ | 163,048 | |||||||||||
December 31, 2015 | Additions | Disposals | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||
Patent assets | $ | 824,258 | $ | 117,457 | $ | (9,432 | ) | $ | 932,283 | ||||||
Accumulated amortization | (569,698 | ) | (158,814 | ) | 9,228 | (719,284 | ) | ||||||||
Patent assets, net | $ | 254,560 | $ | 212,999 | |||||||||||
The Company’s acquired patent assets relate to technologies used or supplied by companies in a variety of market sectors, including automotive, consumer electronics, e-commerce, financial services, media distribution, mobile communications, networking, semiconductors, and software. The Company amortizes each acquired portfolio of patent assets on a straight-line basis over its estimated economic useful life. As of December 31, 2017, the estimated economic useful lives of the Company’s patent assets acquired since inception generally ranged from 24 to 60 months with a weighted-average estimated economic useful life at the time of acquisition of 38 months. Patent assets acquired during the year ended December 31, 2017 had a weighted-average estimated economic useful life at the time of acquisition of 25 months.
As of December 31, 2017, the Company expects amortization expense in future periods to be as follows (in thousands):
2018 | $ | 103,088 | |
2019 | 48,232 | ||
2020 | 11,728 | ||
Total estimated future amortization expense | $ | 163,048 | |
Amortization expense was $156.0 million, $159.0 million and $142.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Syndicated Acquisitions
Syndicated acquisitions are transactions involving patent assets that may cost more than the Company is prepared to spend with its own capital resources and/or that are relevant only to a limited number of clients. In such transactions, the Company may work to acquire these assets with financial assistance from the particular clients against whom they are being or may be asserted. Such clients either pay amounts separate from their subscription fee or, less frequently, lend the Company funds to be used in the transaction. As discussed in the revenue recognition policy in Note 2, "Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies," the Company may treat the contributions from such clients as revenue on a gross or net basis depending on the specific facts and circumstances of the transaction. In the event that such contributions are recognized on a net basis, the Company will only capitalize the acquired asset that relates to its non-contributing clients. As a result, in such situations the cost basis of the acquired patent rights excludes the amounts paid by the contributing clients.
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6. | Property and Equipment, Net |
Property and equipment, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):
December 31, | |||||||
2017 | 2016 | ||||||
Internal-use software | $ | 8,530 | $ | 7,827 | |||
Leasehold improvements | 2,098 | 2,169 | |||||
Computer, equipment and software | 5,960 | 5,204 | |||||
Furniture and fixtures | 755 | 935 | |||||
Construction-in-progress | 21 | 183 | |||||
Total property and equipment, gross | 17,364 | 16,318 | |||||
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (12,274 | ) | (9,370 | ) | |||
Total property and equipment, net | $ | 5,090 | $ | 6,948 | |||
Depreciation and amortization expense related to our property and equipment was $3.3 million, $3.0 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
7. | Business Combinations |
On January 22, 2016, the Company completed its acquisition of all of the issued and outstanding shares of Inventus, to expand into the legal discovery services market. The final purchase price for Inventus was approximately $232 million, net of working capital adjustments, which the Company paid in January 2016. The following table summarizes the cash paid and the estimated fair values of the assets and the liabilities assumed (in thousands) and the estimated useful lives of the acquired identifiable intangible assets:
Estimated Fair Value | Estimated useful life | ||||
Current assets | $ | 19,357 | |||
Intangible assets: | |||||
Customer relationships | 58,000 | 9 - 10 years | |||
Trademarks | 3,200 | 1 - 6 years | |||
Developed technology | 6,400 | 3 years | |||
Goodwill | 145,984 | ||||
Property, plant, equipment and other long term assets | 3,347 | ||||
Deferred tax asset | 10,595 | ||||
Current liabilities | (7,280 | ) | |||
Deferred tax liability | (5,477 | ) | |||
Other long term liabilities | (826 | ) | |||
Cash purchase consideration paid | $ | 233,300 | |||
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Intangible assets acquired through the Company's acquisition of Inventus are amortized on a straight-line basis which reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are expected to be utilized. The goodwill recorded is primarily attributable to the Company's opportunity to expand into the legal discovery services market and is not deductible for tax purposes. For the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded acquisition-related costs of $1.2 million which were expensed as incurred and included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The Company has included the following financial results of Inventus in its consolidated financial statements (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | ||||
2016 | ||||
Discovery Services | ||||
Revenue | $ | 66,112 | ||
Cost of revenue | 33,397 | |||
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 23,990 | |||
Impairment losses | — | |||
Operating income | $ | 8,725 | ||
The unaudited pro forma financial information in the table below summarizes the combined results of operations for the Company and Inventus as though the companies had been consolidated as of January 1, 2015, and includes the accounting effects resulting from the acquisition including amortization charges from the acquired intangible assets, $13.5 million of transaction costs incurred which were directly attributable to the acquisition of Inventus, and elimination of interest expenses and debt issuance and extinguishment costs associated with Inventus's historical debt which was extinguished upon the Company's acquisition of Inventus. This unaudited pro forma information also adjusts for Inventus's acquisition of London-based Unified OS Limited and certain of its affiliates as well as certain assets of Kooby LLP as though it had been consolidated as of January 1, 2015. These accounting effects do not have any impact on the Company's 2017 financial information.
The following unaudited pro forma financial information is for information purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have been achieved if the acquisition had taken place as of January 1, 2015 (in thousands, except per share data):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||
2017 | 2016 | ||||||
Revenue | $ | 330,457 | $ | 336,047 | |||
Net income (loss) | (79,143 | ) | 18,824 | ||||
Basic net income (loss) per share | (1.61 | ) | 0.37 | ||||
Diluted net income (loss) per share | (1.61 | ) | 0.37 | ||||
8. | Goodwill |
The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill by operating segment were as follows (in thousands):
Patent Risk Management | Discovery Services | Total | |||||||||
Balance as of December 31, 2016 | $ | 19,978 | $ | 131,344 | $ | 151,322 | |||||
Impairment losses | — | (89,035 | ) | (89,035 | ) | ||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | 8,469 | 8,469 | ||||||||
Balance as of December 31, 2017 | $ | 19,978 | $ | 50,778 | $ | 70,756 | |||||
The Company reviews goodwill for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test using a quantitative approach for its discovery services reporting units and a qualitative approach for its patent risk management business. The quantitative approach used for its discovery services segment includes comparing the carrying value to the fair values of each reporting unit using a discounted cash flow methodology with a comparable business approach which utilizes Level 3 inputs. Cash flow projections are based on management’s estimates of growth rates and operating margins, taking into consideration industry and market conditions. The discount rate used is based on
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the weighted-average cost of capital adjusted for the relevant risk associated with business-specific characteristics and the uncertainty related to the reporting units' ability to execute on the projected cash flows. These tests resulted in the carrying values of the discovery services reporting units exceeding the fair values primarily due to (1) decreased expected future cash flows from pricing pressures and competition in the discovery services marketplace as well as significant fluctuations due to the project-based nature of these cash flows, and (2) a decrease in estimated peer company values. As a result, the Company recognized a goodwill impairment loss of $89.0 million in its consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017. No other goodwill impairment charges were recorded as a part of the Company's annual impairment analyses.
9. | Intangible Assets, Net |
Intangible assets, net, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 consisted of the following (in thousands, except years):
December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Weighted-Average Life (years) | Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | |||||||||||||||||||
Customer relationships | 9.4 | $ | 56,688 | $ | (11,764 | ) | $ | 44,924 | $ | 55,719 | $ | (6,323 | ) | $ | 49,396 | ||||||||||
Trademarks | 6.0 | 2,900 | (938 | ) | 1,962 | 4,879 | (2,439 | ) | 2,440 | ||||||||||||||||
Developed technology | 3.0 | 6,237 | (4,036 | ) | 2,201 | 5,802 | (1,978 | ) | 3,824 | ||||||||||||||||
Covenant not to compete | — | — | — | 1,900 | (1,604 | ) | 296 | ||||||||||||||||||
Proprietary data and models | — | — | — | 2,100 | (2,006 | ) | 94 | ||||||||||||||||||
$ | 65,825 | $ | (16,738 | ) | $ | 49,087 | $ | 70,400 | $ | (14,350 | ) | $ | 56,050 | ||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2017, the Company expects amortization expense in future periods to be as follows (in thousands):
2018 | $ | 8,562 | |
2019 | 6,644 | ||
2020 | 6,523 | ||
2021 | 6,523 | ||
2022 | 6,069 | ||
Thereafter | 14,766 | ||
Total estimated future amortization expense | $ | 49,087 | |
Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $8.9 million, $9.6 million, and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
10. | Accrued Liabilities |
Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
December 31, | |||||||
2017 | 2016 | ||||||
Accrued payroll-related expenses | $ | 10,669 | $ | 11,516 | |||
Accrued other expenses | 5,067 | 5,282 | |||||
Total accrued liabilities | $ | 15,736 | $ | 16,798 | |||
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11. | Debt |
On February 26, 2016, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the "Credit Agreement") which provided for a $100 million five-year term facility (the "Term Facility") and a $50 million five-year revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility"). The Term Facility bore interest which is payable quarterly in arrears at the Company's option equal to either a base rate plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 1.75% per annum or, at the Company's election, the one-, two-, three-, or six-month London interbank offered rate ("LIBOR") plus a margin ranging from 2.25% to 2.75% per annum, based upon the ratio of the Company's debt to consolidated EBITDA ratio. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Term Facility bore interest at an average interest rate of 3.0%, which approximated fair value. The Revolving Credit Facility bore a commitment fee on undrawn balances of 0.35% to 0.45% per annum, also based upon the Company's debt to consolidated adjusted EBITDA ratio, that was expensed as incurred. The Company paid down the outstanding balance of the Term Facility in full in November 2017 and terminated the Credit Agreement in December 2017 and therefore as of December 31, 2017, there were no outstanding obligations.
12. | Commitments and Contingencies |
Operating Lease Commitments
The Company leases its facilities under non-cancelable lease agreements. Certain of these arrangements have free rent, escalating rent payment provisions and tenant allowances. Under such arrangements the Company recognizes rent expense on a straight line basis over the non-cancelable lease term and records the difference between cash rent payments and the recognition of rent expense as a deferred rent liability within other current liabilities and other liabilities for the current and non-current portion, respectively, in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
In March 2012, the Company entered into an amended lease agreement related to its San Francisco, California office space. The amendment, which took effect on May 1, 2013, increased the rentable space to approximately 67,000 total square feet and extended the term through October 2019. In June 2017, the Company executed an additional amendment to this lease and in accordance with the additional amendment, effective August 2017, the Company reduced its leased space by approximately 18,000 square feet, which reduced the Company's future operating lease commitments at that time by approximately $2.4 million over the remaining lease term.
In October 2013, the Company entered into an agreement to sublease a portion of its San Francisco, California office space. This sublease took effect on February 1, 2014 for a 36-month term through January 2017 and was subsequently renewed through October 2019.
The following table summarizes rent expense related to non-cancelable operating leases (in millions):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Rent expense | $ | 6.0 | $ | 5.9 | $ | 4.1 | |||||
Sublease income | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.6 | ||||||||
Rent expense, net of sublease income | $ | 4.9 | $ | 5.2 | $ | 3.5 | |||||
As of December 31, 2017, the future minimum lease payments required under non-cancelable operating leases and the future minimum payments to be received from non-cancelable subleases were as follows (in thousands):
2018 | $ | 4,528 | |
2019 | 3,619 | ||
2020 | 654 | ||
2021 | 227 | ||
2022 | 232 | ||
Thereafter | 379 | ||
Future non-cancelable minimum operating lease payments | 9,639 | ||
Less: minimum payments to be received from non-cancelable subleases | (2,202 | ) | |
Total future non-cancelable minimum operating lease payments, net | $ | 7,437 | |
Litigation
From time to time, the Company may be a party to various litigation claims in the normal course of business. Legal fees and other costs associated with such actions are expensed as incurred. The Company assesses, in conjunction with
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its legal counsel, the need to record a liability for litigation or contingencies. A liability is recorded when and if it is determined that such a liability for litigation or contingencies is both probable and reasonably estimable. No liability for legal contingencies was recorded as of December 31, 2017 or 2016.
In June 2013, Kevin O’Halloran, as Trustee of the Liquidating Trust of Tectonics, Inc. (the “Debtor”), filed a complaint in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Florida against the Company and Harris Corporation (the “Defendants”). The complaint alleges that the Defendants are liable under federal and state bankruptcy law regarding fraudulent transfers for the value of a patent portfolio purchased by the Company from Harris Corporation pursuant to an agreement entered into in January 2009, and within four years of the date the Debtor filed its petition in bankruptcy. In February 2015, the Court held a trial and in November 2015 entered judgment in favor of the Defendants. In December 2015, the Debtor filed an appeal of the judgment to the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida. In August 2016, the District Court affirmed the judgment in favor of the Defendants. In September 2016, the Debtor filed an appeal of the judgment to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. The appellate briefing was completed in January 2017, and oral argument occurred on December 14, 2017. The Company is not currently able to determine whether there is a reasonable possibility that a loss has been incurred, nor can it estimate the potential loss or range of the potential loss that may result from this litigation.
In March 2012, Cascades Computer Innovations LLC filed a complaint in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (the “District Court”) against the Company and five of its clients (collectively the “Defendants”). The complaint alleges that the Defendants violated federal antitrust law, California antitrust law and California unfair competition law. The complaint further alleged that after the Company terminated its negotiations with the plaintiff to license certain patents held by the plaintiff, the Defendants violated the law by jointly refusing to negotiate or accept licenses under the plaintiff’s patents. The plaintiff sought unspecified monetary damages and injunctive relief. In January 2013, the District Court dismissed the complaint against the Defendants and granted the plaintiff leave to amend its complaint. In February 2013, the plaintiff filed an amended lawsuit alleging that the Defendants violated federal antitrust law, California antitrust law and California unfair competition law. In April 2016, the District Court entered a final judgment in favor of the Defendants on all the plaintiff's claims. In April 2016, the plaintiff filed an appeal of the judgment. On December 11, 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the District Court in full, and the order took effect on January 2, 2018.
Guarantees and Indemnifications
The Company has, in connection with the sale of patent assets, agreed to indemnify and hold harmless the buyer of such patent assets for losses resulting from breaches of representations and warranties made by the Company. The terms of these indemnification agreements are generally perpetual. The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unlimited. To date, the Company has not paid any significant amount to settle claims or defend lawsuits. The Company is unable to reasonably estimate the maximum amount that could be payable under these arrangements since these obligations are not capped but are conditional to the unique facts and circumstances involved. Accordingly, the Company had no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2017 or 2016. The Company has no reason to believe that there is any material liability related to such indemnification provisions. The Company does not indemnify its clients for patent infringement.
As part of the Company's discovery services offering, the Company generally warrants that it will perform the services in good faith and in a timely and professional manner, and that it will exercise the same level of professional care commonly found in the industry. Additionally, the Company has agreed to provisions for indemnifying customers against liabilities if its discovery services infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights or if it breaches agreed privacy, security and/or confidentiality obligations. To date, the Company has not incurred any material costs, and it has not accrued any liabilities in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, as a result of these obligations. The Company also enters into service-level agreements with its discovery services clients that specify required levels of application uptime and may permit customers to receive credits or to terminate their agreements in the event that the Company fails to meet required performance levels. To date, the Company has not experienced any significant failures to meet defined levels of performance and, as a result, has not accrued any liabilities related to these agreements in its consolidated financial statements.
In accordance with its amended and restated bylaws, the Company also indemnifies certain officers and employees for losses incurred in connection with actions, suits or proceedings threatened or brought against such officer or employee arising from his or her service to the Company as an officer or employee, subject to certain limitations. The term of the indemnification period is indefinite. The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unspecified. The Company has no reason to believe that there is any material liability for actions, events or occurrences that have occurred to date.
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Reserves for Known and Incurred but not Reported Claims
In August 2012, the Company began offering insurance to cover certain costs of patent litigation brought against its insured clients. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded a reserve of $1.1 million and $0.9 million, respectively, for known and incurred but not reported claims that represent estimated claim costs and related expenses.
The Company regularly reviews loss reserves using a variety of actuarial techniques and updates them as its loss experience develops.
13. | Stockholder's Equity |
Common Stock
As of December 31, 2017, under the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation, the Company is authorized to issue 200 million shares of common stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share.
Preferred Stock
As of December 31, 2017, under the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation, the Company is authorized to issue 10 million shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share. The Board of Directors is authorized to provide for the issuance of one or more series of preferred stock and to establish the powers, preferences and rights of the preferred shares.
Equity Plans
In February 2011, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”), which became effective on the date of the Company’s initial public offering. The 2011 Plan provides for the issuance of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted shares of the Company’s common stock and stock units to employees, directors and non-employees. The Board of Directors initially reserved 1,500,000 shares of common stock for future issuance under the 2011 Plan pursuant to automatic increases permitted under the 2011 Plan. During 2017 and 2016, the Company reserved an additional 1,000,000 and 2,000,000 shares, respectively, of common stock for future issuance under the 2011 Plan. As of December 31, 2017, there were 4.7 million shares available for grant under the 2011 Plan.
In August 2008, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the 2008 Plan (the “2008 Plan”) which provided for the issuance of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, as well as the direct award or sale of shares of common stock to employees, directors and non-employees for up to 9,019,474 shares of common stock, as amended. No further awards have been made under the 2008 Plan since the 2011 plan became effective; however, all awards outstanding under the 2008 Plan will continue to be governed by the existing terms.
Under both the 2011 Plan and 2008 Plan, incentive stock options and non-qualified stock options are to be granted at a price that is not less than 100% of the fair value of the stock at the date of grant. Stock options granted to newly hired employees vest 25% on the first anniversary of the date of hire and ratably each month over the ensuing 36-month period. Stock options granted to existing employees generally vest ratably over the 48-months following the date of grant. Stock options are exercisable for a maximum period of 10 years after date of grant. Incentive stock options granted to stockholders who own more than 10% of the outstanding stock of the Company at the time of grant must be issued at an exercise price not to be less than 110% of the fair value of the stock on the date of grant. RSUs granted to newly hired employees vest 25% on the first Company-established vest date after the first anniversary of the employee’s date of hire and ratably each quarter over the ensuing 12-quarter period. RSUs granted to existing employees generally vest ratably each quarter over the 16 quarters following the date of grant. PBRSUs with market conditions granted to employees may vest 25% on each anniversary of the grant date, provided that the market conditions are satisfied. PBRSUs with performance conditions granted to employees generally vest 25% annually if the performance criteria is satisfied.
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A summary of the Company’s activity under its equity-settled award plans and related information is as follows (in thousands, except per share data and years):
Options Outstanding | |||||||||||||||
Shares Available for Grant | Number of Shares | Weighted-Average Exercise Price | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life in Years | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | |||||||||||
Balance - December 31, 2016 | 3,586 | 1,768 | $ | 11.63 | |||||||||||
Shares authorized | 1,000 | — | — | ||||||||||||
Options exercised | — | (690 | ) | 8.64 | |||||||||||
Options forfeited | 99 | (99 | ) | 16.16 | |||||||||||
Restricted stock units granted | (2,006 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||
Restricted stock units forfeited | 1,597 | — | — | ||||||||||||
Restricted stock units withheld related to net share settlement of restricted stock units | 452 | — | — | ||||||||||||
Balance - December 31, 2017 | 4,728 | 979 | 13.29 | 2.6 | $ | 2,396 | |||||||||
Vested and exercisable - December 31, 2017 | 979 | 13.29 | 2.6 | 2,396 | |||||||||||
Vested and expected to vest - December 31, 2017 | 979 | 13.29 | 2.6 | 2,396 | |||||||||||
The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $2.8 million, $0.9 million and $6.8 million, respectively. The total fair value of stock options vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was nil, $1.3 million and $3.3 million, respectively.
Restricted Stock Units
The summary of restricted stock unit activity, which includes PBRSUs, is as follows (in thousands, except per share data):
Number of Shares | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | ||||||||
Non-vested units - December 31, 2016 | 3,424 | $ | 11.53 | |||||||
Granted | 2,006 | 11.86 | ||||||||
Vested | (1,313 | ) | 12.23 | |||||||
Forfeited | (1,597 | ) | 10.73 | |||||||
Non-vested units - December 31, 2017 | 2,520 | 11.95 | $ | 33,874 | ||||||
The total fair value of RSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $16.6 million, $11.9 million and $14.4 million, respectively.
In October 2013, the Board of Directors approved net-share settlement for tax withholdings on RSU vesting. In 2017 and 2016, the Company withheld issuing 451,770 and 418,201 shares of its common stock, respectively, based on the value of the RSUs on their vesting dates as determined by the Company’s closing common stock price. Total payments for the employees’ minimum tax obligations to taxing authorities were $5.7 million and $4.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and were recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital and reflected as a financing activity within the consolidated statements of cash flows. The net-share settlements reduced the number of shares that would have otherwise been issued on the vesting date and increased the number of shares reserved for future issuance under the 2011 Plan.
Stock-Based Compensation Related to Employees and Directors
The fair value of RSUs granted to employees and non-employee directors is measured by reference to the fair value of the underlying shares on the date of grant.
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PBRSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 contain service, performance, and/or market conditions that affect the quantity of awards that will vest. PBRSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2015 contain both service and performance conditions that affect the quantity of awards that will vest. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, the Company granted 102,790, 115,657, and 54,375 PBRSUs, respectively. The Company estimates the grant date fair value of PBRSUs which include performance conditions by reference to the fair value of the underlying shares on the date of grant. The Company estimates the grant date fair value of PBRSUs which include market conditions using the Monte Carlo simulation model.
The weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of PBRSUs with market conditions and the resulting fair values are as follows:
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||
Dividend yield | — | — | n/a | |||||||
Risk free rate | 1.03 | % | 1.08 | % | n/a | |||||
Expected volatility | 32 | % | 38 | % | n/a | |||||
Grant date fair value | $ | 11.95 | $ | 6.28 | n/a | |||||
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options granted to employees and non-employee directors was nil, $0.9 million and $2.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs and PBRSUs granted to employees and non-employee directors was $14.7 million, $17.5 million and $14.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
As of December 31, 2017, there was $25.4 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs, including PBRSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years. Future grants of equity awards will increase the amount of stock-based compensation expense to be recorded.
Stock Repurchase Program
On February 10, 2015, the Company announced that its Board of Directors had authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company is authorized to repurchase up to $75.0 million of its outstanding common stock with no expiration date from the date of authorization. In March 2016 and May 2016, the Company increased its share repurchase program by $25 million and $50 million, respectively, for a total amount authorized of $150 million. As of December 31, 2017, the Company repurchased $94.6 million of the outstanding common stock. Under the program, shares may be purchased in open market transactions, including through block purchases, through privately negotiated transactions, or pursuant to any trading plan that may be adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date and may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason. The Company’s share repurchase program does not obligate it to acquire any specific number of shares. The Company repurchased shares of its common stock in the open market, which were retired upon repurchase. The purchase price for the repurchased shares are reflected as a reduction to common stock and retained earnings in the Company's consolidated balance sheet during the period presented as follows (in thousands, except per share data):
Shares Repurchased | Average Price per Share | Value of Shares Repurchased | ||||||||
Cumulative shares repurchased as of January 1, 2017 | 7,917 | $ | 10.90 | $ | 86,276 | |||||
Repurchase of shares of common stock | 700 | 11.84 | 8,290 | |||||||
Cumulative shares repurchased as of December 31, 2017 | 8,617 | $ | 10.97 | $ | 94,566 | |||||
Dividends
During 2017, the Company's Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.05 per share of common stock, the first which was paid on December 5, 2017, to shareholders of record on November 20, 2017.
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14. | Income Taxes |
Income or loss before provision for income tax consists of the following (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
Domestic | $ | (8,078 | ) | $ | 28,536 | $ | 65,445 | |||||
International | (50,987 | ) | 3,773 | 54 | ||||||||
Total income (loss) before provision for income taxes | $ | (59,065 | ) | $ | 32,309 | $ | 65,499 | |||||
The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
Current: | ||||||||||||
Federal | $ | 3,886 | $ | (12,400 | ) | $ | (23,456 | ) | ||||
State | 207 | (4,038 | ) | (2,790 | ) | |||||||
Foreign | (9,743 | ) | (11,097 | ) | (12,406 | ) | ||||||
Total current provision for income taxes | (5,650 | ) | (27,535 | ) | (38,652 | ) | ||||||
Deferred: | ||||||||||||
Federal | (15,354 | ) | 11,596 | 12,022 | ||||||||
State | 238 | 1,097 | 553 | |||||||||
Foreign | 688 | 768 | — | |||||||||
Total deferred benefit (expense) for income taxes | (14,428 | ) | 13,461 | 12,575 | ||||||||
Total provision for income taxes | $ | (20,078 | ) | $ | (14,074 | ) | $ | (26,077 | ) | |||
Net deferred tax assets consist of the following (in thousands):
December 31, | ||||||||
2017 | 2016 | |||||||
Deferred tax assets: | ||||||||
Deferred revenue | $ | 2,687 | $ | 1,843 | ||||
Reserves and other | 4,016 | 6,292 | ||||||
Stock-based compensation | 2,643 | 5,682 | ||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 10,516 | 14,050 | ||||||
Net operating loss carryforwards | 1,768 | 7,246 | ||||||
Foreign tax credits | 1,095 | — | ||||||
Total deferred tax assets | 22,725 | 35,113 | ||||||
Valuation allowance | (2,810 | ) | (875 | ) | ||||
Net deferred tax assets | $ | 19,915 | $ | 34,238 | ||||
The following is a reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax to the Company’s effective tax (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
Tax at statutory federal rate | $ | (20,673 | ) | $ | 11,307 | $ | 22,939 | |||||
State tax – net of federal benefit | (1,649 | ) | 1,674 | 1,459 | ||||||||
Permanent differences | 6,138 | 1,000 | 663 | |||||||||
Foreign tax | 27,164 | 8,969 | 12,370 | |||||||||
Foreign tax credits | (7,571 | ) | (9,191 | ) | (12,370 | ) | ||||||
Foreign income not taxed at federal rate | — | — | 3 | |||||||||
Change in valuation allowance | 2,944 | (222 | ) | 1,097 | ||||||||
Rate differential impact from Tax Cuts and Jobs Act | 14,557 | — | — | |||||||||
Other | (832 | ) | 537 | (84 | ) | |||||||
Total provision for income taxes | $ | 20,078 | $ | 14,074 | $ | 26,077 | ||||||
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As of December 31, 2017, the Company had federal and state capital loss carryforwards of $6.5 million available to reduce future taxable income which expire in 2020 if not utilized. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of $18.9 million which will begin to expire in 2023 if not utilized. The utilization of these carryforwards may be limited if there are certain changes in the Company's ownership.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was signed into law. Among other changes is a permanent reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. As a result of the reduction in the corporate income tax rate, the Company was required to remeasure its net deferred tax asset as of December 31, 2017, which resulted in a reduction in the deferred tax asset value of approximately $14.4 million, offset by a change in valuation allowance of $1.0 million, which resulted in a deferred tax expense of $13.4 million.
In transitioning to the new territorial tax system, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act requires the Company to include certain untaxed foreign earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries in its taxable income for the year ended December 31, 2017. Such foreign earnings are subject to a one-time transition tax, which was estimated to be $1.1 million as of December 31, 2017, and was recorded within the Company’s provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2017. The Company intends to elect to pay the transition tax over a period of eight years as permitted by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.
In December 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“SAB 118”), which allows the Company to record provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year of the enactment date. Due to the Company’s ongoing analysis and expected guidance and accounting interpretations over the next 12 months, the accounting of the transition tax and net deferred tax asset remeasurements are considered provisional. The Company expects to complete its analysis within the measurement period in accordance with SAB 118.
In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of deferred assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax asset is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Based on the available objective evidence as of December 31, 2017, the Company believes it is not more-likely-than-not that the net deferred tax asset related to certain capital losses and foreign tax credits will be fully realized. The Company's valuation allowance (excluding the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act as discussed above) increased by $1.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 due to additional capital losses and foreign tax credits in 2017 which the Company does not expect to be realized.
Internal Revenue Code Section 382 places a limitation (the Section 382 Limitation) on the amount of taxable income that can be offset by net operating loss carryforwards after a change in control (generally greater than 50% change in ownership) of a loss corporation. California has similar rules. Generally, after a change in control, a loss corporation cannot deduct operating loss carryforwards in excess of the Section 382 Limitation. The Company has considered the impact of such limitation in determining the utilization of its operating loss carryforwards against taxable income in future periods.
Deferred tax liabilities have not been recognized for undistributed earnings for foreign subsidiaries because it is the Company's intention to indefinitely reinvest such undistributed earnings outside the U.S. Generally, such earnings are subject to potential foreign withholding tax and the U.S. tax upon remittance of dividends and under certain other circumstances. The Company believes that the potential liability would not be material.
Uncertain Tax Positions
As of December 31, 2017, the Company’s total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $7.7 million, all of which would impact the Company’s effective tax rate, if recognized.
The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
Balance as of January 1, | $ | 8,300 | $ | 5,315 | $ | 3,707 | ||||||
Gross increase related to current period tax positions | 597 | 1,567 | 1,606 | |||||||||
Gross increase related to prior period tax positions | — | 1,841 | 2 | |||||||||
Gross decrease related to prior period tax positions | (1,236 | ) | (423 | ) | — | |||||||
Balance as of December 31, | $ | 7,661 | $ | 8,300 | $ | 5,315 | ||||||
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The Company does not believe it is reasonably possible that its unrecognized tax benefits will materially change within the next twelve months.
The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized $0.1 million, $0.6 million, and $0.4 million, respectively, of interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits.
The 2013 through 2017 tax periods are open to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and the 2013 through 2017 tax periods remain open to examination by most state tax authorities. The Internal Revenue Service's examination of Inventus's federal income tax return for fiscal year 2013 was closed during the three months ended March 31, 2017 with no material adjustments. The Company's 2015 through 2016 tax periods remain open to examination in the United Kingdom.
15. | Related-Party Transactions |
During the year ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, three, four, and four members, respectively, of the Company’s Board of Directors served on the boards of directors of RPX clients.
The Company recognized the following from these clients (in millions):
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 7.4 | $ | 9.8 | $ | 9.3 | ||||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.3 | |||||||||
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were $1.5 million and $1.3 million of receivables due from these clients, respectively.
16. | Segment Reporting |
Operating segments are components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available. Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. Prior to the acquisition of Inventus in January 2016, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer reviewed financial information presented on a consolidated basis and, as a result, the Company concluded that there was only one operating and reportable segment. Subsequent to the acquisition of Inventus (see Note 7, "Business Combinations"), the Company's Chief Executive Officer reviews separate financial information for the patent risk management and discovery services businesses. Therefore as of January 2016, the Company has two reportable segments: 1) patent risk management which generates its revenues primarily from membership subscriptions, premiums earned from insurance policies, and management fees for marketing, underwriting, and claim management and 2) discovery services which generates its revenues primarily from fees generated for data collection, hosting and processing, project management, and document review services. There are no material internal revenue transactions between these two reportable segments.
Although adjusted EBITDA and adjusted operating income are not measures of financial performance determined in accordance with GAAP, the Company's chief operating decision maker evaluates segment financial performance by utilizing the segment's adjusted EBITDA and adjusted operating income because the Company believes it is a useful supplemental measure that reflects core operating performance and provides an indicator of the segment's ability to generate cash.
The Company defines adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) exclusive of provision for income taxes, interest and other income (expense), net, impairment losses, stock-based compensation and related employer payroll taxes, depreciation, and amortization. The Company defines adjusted operating income as GAAP operating income exclusive of non-cash impairment losses. There are limitations in using the Company's measures of financial performance that are not determined in accordance with GAAP and these may be different from other financial measures not determined in accordance with GAAP used by other companies. These financial measures are limited in value because they exclude certain items that may have a material impact on the Company's reported financial results. In addition, they are subject to inherent limitations as they reflect the exercise of judgment by the Company about which items are adjusted to calculate its financial measures not determined in accordance with GAAP. The presentation of financial measures not determined in
85
accordance with GAAP should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, financial results determined in accordance with GAAP.
Summarized financial information by segment for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 utilized by the Company's chief operating decision maker is as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||
2017 | 2016 | ||||||
Patent Risk Management | |||||||
Revenue | $ | 252,253 | $ | 266,995 | |||
Cost of revenue | 161,409 | 163,865 | |||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 63,795 | 76,467 | |||||
Adjusted operating income | 27,049 | 26,663 | |||||
Stock-based compensation, including related taxes | 13,197 | 17,633 | |||||
Depreciation and amortization | 158,297 | 162,262 | |||||
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 198,543 | $ | 206,558 | |||
Discovery Services | |||||||
Revenue | $ | 78,204 | $ | 66,112 | |||
Cost of revenue | 42,300 | 33,397 | |||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 26,712 | 23,990 | |||||
Adjusted operating income | 9,192 | 8,725 | |||||
Stock-based compensation, including related taxes | 1,791 | 935 | |||||
Depreciation and amortization | 9,846 | 9,361 | |||||
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 20,829 | $ | 19,021 | |||
The following table reconciles the Company's subtotal segment adjusted EBITDA to consolidated net income (loss) (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||
2017 | 2016 | ||||||
Subtotal segment adjusted EBITDA | $ | 219,372 | $ | 225,579 | |||
Depreciation and amortization | (168,143 | ) | (171,623 | ) | |||
Stock-based compensation, including related taxes | (14,988 | ) | (18,568 | ) | |||
Impairment losses | (94,051 | ) | — | ||||
Interest and other expense, net | (1,255 | ) | (3,079 | ) | |||
Provision for income taxes | (20,078 | ) | (14,074 | ) | |||
Net income (loss) | $ | (79,143 | ) | $ | 18,235 | ||
The following table reconciles the Company's subtotal segment adjusted operating income to consolidated operating income (loss) (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||
2017 | 2016 | ||||||
Subtotal segment adjusted operating income | $ | 36,241 | $ | 35,388 | |||
Impairment losses | (94,051 | ) | — | ||||
Operating income (loss) | $ | (57,810 | ) | $ | 35,388 | ||
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The following table summarizes total assets by segment (in thousands):
December 31, | |||||||
2017 | 2016 | ||||||
Patent risk management | $ | 388,559 | $ | 501,540 | |||
Discovery services (1) | 162,271 | 233,749 | |||||
Total assets | $ | 550,830 | $ | 735,289 | |||
(1) Includes goodwill and intangible assets acquired through the Company's acquisition of Inventus in January 2016.
The Company markets its services to companies around the world. Revenue is generally attributed to geographic areas based on the country in which the client is domiciled. The following table presents revenue by location and revenue generated by country as a percentage of total revenue for the applicable period, for countries representing 10% or more of revenues for one or more of the periods presented (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
United States | $ | 196,454 | 59 | % | $ | 194,196 | 58 | % | $ | 186,439 | 64 | % | ||||||||
Japan | 34,844 | 11 | 37,200 | 11 | 36,195 | 12 | ||||||||||||||
Korea | 18,414 | 6 | 25,288 | 8 | 28,319 | 10 | ||||||||||||||
Rest of world | 80,745 | 24 | 76,423 | 23 | 40,928 | 14 | ||||||||||||||
Total revenue | $ | 330,457 | 100 | % | $ | 333,107 | 100 | % | $ | 291,881 | 100 | % | ||||||||
17. | Selected Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited) |
Summarized quarterly financial information for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 is as follows (in thousands, except per share data):
Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||
March 31, 2017 | June 30, 2017 | September 30, 2017 | December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 82,512 | $ | 80,434 | $ | 85,702 | $ | 81,809 | |||||||||
Cost of revenue | 51,298 | 51,142 | 52,282 | 48,987 | |||||||||||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 21,121 | 23,124 | 22,517 | 23,745 | |||||||||||||
Impairment losses(1) | — | — | — | — | 94,051 | ||||||||||||
Operating income (loss) | 10,093 | 6,168 | 10,903 | (84,974 | ) | ||||||||||||
Interest and other income (expense), net (2) | (533 | ) | 427 | 88 | (1,237 | ) | |||||||||||
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes | 9,560 | 6,595 | 10,991 | (86,211 | ) | ||||||||||||
Provision for income taxes | 3,567 | 2,403 | 4,625 | 9,483 | |||||||||||||
Net income (loss) | $ | 5,993 | $ | 4,192 | $ | 6,366 | $ | (95,694 | ) | ||||||||
Net income (loss) per share(3): | |||||||||||||||||
Basic | $ | 0.12 | $ | 0.09 | $ | 0.13 | $ | (1.93 | ) | ||||||||
Diluted | $ | 0.12 | $ | 0.08 | $ | 0.13 | $ | (1.93 | ) | ||||||||
Other Data: | |||||||||||||||||
Deferred revenue, including current portion | $ | 136,227 | $ | 114,561 | $ | 102,939 | $ | 106,868 | |||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 2,734 | $ | 4,343 | $ | 3,798 | $ | 3,724 | |||||||||
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Three Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||
March 31, 2016 | June 30, 2016 | September 30, 2016 | December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 79,735 | $ | 83,109 | $ | 88,461 | $ | 81,802 | ||||||||
Cost of revenue | 47,666 | 49,070 | 50,830 | 49,696 | ||||||||||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 26,895 | 25,904 | 23,615 | 24,043 | ||||||||||||
Operating income | 5,174 | 8,135 | 14,016 | 8,063 | ||||||||||||
Interest and other income (expense), net (2) | 1,805 | (1,549 | ) | (1,250 | ) | (2,085 | ) | |||||||||
Income before provision for income taxes | 6,979 | 6,586 | 12,766 | 5,978 | ||||||||||||
Provision for income taxes | 2,742 | 2,436 | 4,651 | 4,245 | ||||||||||||
Net income | $ | 4,237 | $ | 4,150 | $ | 8,115 | $ | 1,733 | ||||||||
Net income per share(3): | ||||||||||||||||
Basic | $ | 0.08 | $ | 0.08 | $ | 0.16 | $ | 0.04 | ||||||||
Diluted | $ | 0.08 | $ | 0.08 | $ | 0.16 | $ | 0.03 | ||||||||
Other Data: | ||||||||||||||||
Deferred revenue, including current portion | $ | 139,992 | $ | 123,133 | $ | 102,691 | $ | 130,408 | ||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 4,929 | $ | 4,899 | $ | 4,269 | $ | 4,178 | ||||||||
(1) The Company recorded impairment losses related to its discovery services goodwill and patent risk management cost method investments during the three months ended December 31, 2017. See further information in Note 2, "Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies" and Note 8, "Goodwill."
(2) See Note 12, "Commitments and Contingencies" and Note 11, "Debt" for further information regarding interest and other income (expense), net.
(3) Basic and diluted earnings per share are computed independently for each of the quarters presented. Therefore, the sum of quarterly basic and diluted per share information may not equal annual basic and diluted earnings per share.
18. | Subsequent Event |
On March 2, 2018, the Company's compensation committee approved certain severance benefits for certain members of its management team, which will become due if the Company is subject to a change in control (as defined in its 2011 Equity Incentive Plan) within the next 12 months and the individual is subject to an involuntary termination (i.e. termination without cause or resignation for certain good reasons) within 12 months after the change in control. The Company is unable, at this time, to estimate the amount, if any, that will be incurred in relation to these severance benefits, but expects the impact to its consolidated financial statements to be material in the event certain criteria are met.
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures. |
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain a set of disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In accordance with Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, were effective to provide reasonable assurance.
Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 based on the guidelines established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Based on the results of our evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report which is included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the quarter ended December 31, 2017, we implemented new controls as part of our efforts to adopt the new revenue recognition standard ASC 606 which was effective for us on January 1, 2018. In particular, we implemented new controls related to monitoring the adoption process, gathering information, and evaluating the analyses used in the development of the disclosures required before the standard's effective date. These controls pertain only to the information included under the heading "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8, "Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report. There were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls or procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of
89
compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
Item 9B. | Other Information. |
Change-in-Control Severance Arrangements
On March 2, 2018, our compensation committee approved certain severance benefits for our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, which will become due if we are subject to a change in control (as defined in our 2011 Equity Incentive Plan) within the next 12 months and the individual is subject to an involuntary termination (i.e. a termination without cause or resignation for certain good reasons) within 12 months after the change in control. These severance benefits include cash severance equal to a multiple of base salary and target bonus, paid in installments over a 12-month period, a lump sum payment in lieu of continued health benefits for 12 months, and 100% acceleration of the individual's outstanding equity awards. Pursuant to these arrangements our Chief Executive Officer is eligible to receive 1.5 times his annual base salary and 1.0 times his target annual bonus, and our Chief Financial Officer is eligible to receive 1.25 times his annual base salary and 0.75 times his target annual bonus.
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PART III.
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. |
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer. The Code of Business Conduct is posted on our Web site at http://ir.rpxcorp.com/governance.cfm.
We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding an amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of this Code of Business Conduct by posting such information on our Web site, at the address and location specified above and, to the extent required by the listing standards of The NASDAQ Stock Market, by filing a Current Report on Form 8-K with the SEC, disclosing such information.
The other information required by this item will be contained in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC in connection with our 2018 annual meeting of stockholders (the “2018 Proxy Statement”), which we expect to file within 120 days of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 11. | Executive Compensation. |
The information regarding executive compensation required by this item will be included under the caption “Executive Compensation” in the 2018 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. |
The information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans required by this item will be included under the caption “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in the 2018 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. The information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management required by this item will be included under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in the 2018 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. |
The information regarding transactions with related persons required by this item is included under the caption “Certain Relationships and Related Persons Transactions” in the 2018 Proxy Statement and will be incorporated herein by reference. The information regarding director independence required by this item is included under the caption “Corporate Governance” in the 2018 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services. |
The information required by this item will be incorporated under the captions “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s Fees” and “Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures” in the 2018 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV.
Item 15. | Exhibits and Consolidated Financial Statement Schedules. |
1. | Consolidated Financial Statements |
The financial statements as set forth under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated herein by reference.
2. | Consolidated Financial Statement Schedules |
All schedules have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not material, not applicable, or is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
3. | Exhibits |
The exhibits listed in the accompanying Exhibit Index are filed or incorporated herein by reference as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary. |
None.
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EXHIBIT INDEX
Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||||
Exhibit Number | Exhibit Title | Form | File No. | Exhibit No. | Filing Date | Provided Herewith | ||||||
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of RPX Corporation | S-1 | 333-171817 | 3.2 | 1/21/2011 | ||||||||
Amended and Restated Bylaws of RPX Corporation | 8-K | 001-35146 | 3.1 | 12/11/2015 | ||||||||
Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2 | ||||||||||||
Form of Common Stock Certificate evidencing shares of common stock of the Registrant | S-1/A | 333-171817 | 4.2 | 4/29/2011 | ||||||||
Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and each officer and director | S-1 | 333-171817 | 10.1 | 1/21/2011 | ||||||||
Employment Offer Letter by and between the Registrant and John Amster, dated as of August 9, 2008 | S-1 | 333-171817 | 10.2 | 1/21/2011 | ||||||||
Employment Offer Letter by and between the Registrant and Mallun Yen, dated as of October 25, 2010 | S-1 | 333-171817 | 10.7 | 1/21/2011 | ||||||||
2008 Stock Plan, as amended | S-1 | 333-171817 | 10.8 | 1/21/2011 | ||||||||
Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant (Early Exercise) and Stock Option Agreement under 2008 Stock Plan | S-1 | 333-171817 | 10.9 | 1/21/2011 | ||||||||
Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement under 2008 Stock Plan | S-1 | 333-171817 | 10.10 | 1/21/2011 | ||||||||
Form of Notice of Stock Option Exercise (Early Exercise) under 2008 Stock Plan | S-1 | 333-171817 | 10.11 | 1/21/2011 | ||||||||
Form of Notice of Stock Option Exercise under 2008 Stock Plan | S-1 | 333-171817 | 10.12 | 1/21/2011 | ||||||||
2011 Equity Incentive Plan | S-1/A | 333-171817 | 10.25 | 3/7/2011 | ||||||||
Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement under 2011 Equity Incentive Plan | S-1/A | 333-171817 | 10.32 | 4/29/2011 | ||||||||
Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant (Non-Employee Directors) and Stock Option Agreement (Non-Employee Directors) under 2011 Equity Incentive Plan | S-1/A | 333-171817 | 10.33 | 4/29/2011 | ||||||||
Form of Notice of Stock Unit Award and Stock Unit Agreement under 2011 Equity Incentive Plan | S-1/A | 333-171817 | 10.34 | 4/29/2011 | ||||||||
Sublease by and between Registrant and Sedgwick, Detert, Moran & Arnold LLP, dated as of September 29, 2009 | S-1 | 333-171817 | 10.23 | 1/21/2011 | ||||||||
Office Lease Agreement between Registrant and PPF Paramount One Market Plaza Owner, L.P., dated as of July 28, 2010 | S-1 | 333-171817 | 10.24 | 1/21/2011 | ||||||||
First Amendment to Lease between Registrant and PPF Paramount One Market Plaza Owner, L.P., dated as of March 9, 2012 | 10-K | 001-35146 | 10.31 | 3/26/2012 | ||||||||
Second Amendment to Lease between Registrant and PPF Paramount One Market Plaza Owner, L.P. dated as of May 31, 2012 | X | |||||||||||
Third Amendment to Lease between Registrant and PPF Paramount One Market Plaza Owner, L.P. dated as of June 26, 2017 | X | |||||||||||
Asset Purchase Agreement (Redacted), dated December 22, 2014, by and among Rockstar Consortium US LP, Rockstar Consortium LLC, Bockstar Technologies LLC, Constellation Technologies LLC, MobileStar Technologies LLC, NetStar Technologies LLC, RPX Clearinghouse LLC, and the Registrant | 8-K/A | 001-35146 | 10.1 | 4/9/2015 | ||||||||
Employment Offer Letter by and between the Registrant and Robert Heath, dated as of March 15, 2011 | 10-K | 001-35146 | 10.29 | 3/2/2015 | ||||||||
Agreement and Plan of Merger entered into on December 13, 2015 | 8-K | 001-35146 | 2.1 | 1/28/2016 | ||||||||
Agreement, dated May 25, 2016, by and among RPX Corporation, the Mangrove Partners Master Fund, Ltd. and Mangrove Partners | 8-K | 001-35146 | 10.1 | 5/26/2016 | ||||||||
94
Employment Offer Letter by and between the Registrant and Trevor Campion, dated as of January 21, 2016 | 10-Q | 001-35146 | 10.1 | 5/10/2016 | ||||||||
Credit Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2016, by and among RPX Corporation, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent, and the lenders party thereto | 8-K | 001-35146 | 10.1 | 3/1/2016 | ||||||||
Employment Offer Letter by and between the Registrant and Steven Swank, dated as of June 7, 2010 | 10-Q | 001-35146 | 10.1 | 5/4/2017 | ||||||||
RPX Corporation Compensation Program for Non-Employee Directors, as Amended May 23, 2017 | 10-Q | 001-35146 | 10.1 | 8/3/2017 | ||||||||
Employment Offer Letter by and between the Registrant and David Anderson, dated as of October 12, 2010 | 10-Q | 001-35146 | 10.2 | 8/3/2017 | ||||||||
Separation Agreement by and between the Registrant and Steven S. Swank dated as of February 1, 2018 | 8-K | 001-35146 | 10.1 | 2/5/2018 | ||||||||
Employment Offer Letter by and between the Registrant and Martin Roberts, dated as of September 17, 2010 | X | |||||||||||
List of subsidiaries of the Registrant | X | |||||||||||
Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | X | |||||||||||
Power of Attorney (Included in Signature Page) | X | |||||||||||
Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | X | |||||||||||
Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | X | |||||||||||
Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | X | |||||||||||
Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | X | |||||||||||
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document | X | ||||||||||
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | X | ||||||||||
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||
* Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.
† Portions of this exhibit have been omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to an order granting confidential treatment.
95
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
RPX CORPORATION | ||||
(Registrant) | ||||
March 5, 2018 | By: | /s/ MARTIN E. ROBERTS | ||
Martin E. Roberts | ||||
Chief Executive Officer | ||||
(Principal Executive Officer) | ||||
96
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Martin E. Roberts and David J. Anderson, jointly and severally, as his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature | Title | Date | ||
/s/ MARTIN E. ROBERTS | Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | March 5, 2018 | ||
Martin E. Roberts | ||||
/s/ DAVID J. ANDERSON | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | March 5, 2018 | ||
David J. Anderson | ||||
/s/ SHELBY W. BONNIE | Chairman of the Board of Directors | March 5, 2018 | ||
Shelby W. Bonnie | ||||
/s/ ANDREW D. AFRICK | Director | March 5, 2018 | ||
Andrew D. Africk | ||||
/s/ FRANK E. DANGEARD | Director | March 5, 2018 | ||
Frank E. Dangeard | ||||
/s/ STEVEN L. FINGERHOOD | Director | March 5, 2018 | ||
Steven L. Fingerhood | ||||
/s/ GILBERT S. PALTER | Director | March 5, 2018 | ||
Gilbert S. Palter | ||||
/s/ SANFORD R. ROBERTSON | Director | March 5, 2018 | ||
Sanford R. Robertson | ||||
/s/ MALLUN YEN | Director | March 5, 2018 | ||
Mallun Yen | ||||
/s/ MAGDALENA YESIL | Director | March 5, 2018 | ||
Magdalena Yesil | ||||
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Exhibit 10.16
SECOND AMENDMENT TO LEASE
THIS SECOND AMENDMENT TO LEASE (“Second Amendment”) entered into as of May 31, 2012 (the “Second Amendment Effective Date”), by and between PPF PARAMOUNT ONE MARKET PLAZA OWNER, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (“Landlord”) and RPX CORPORATION, a Delaware corporation (“Tenant”)with reference to the following facts:
A. | Landlord and Tenant are parties to that certain lease dated July 28, 2010 (the “Original Lease”), as amended by that certain First Amendment to Lease dated as of March 9, 2012 (the “First Amendment”), pursuant to which Tenant has agreed to lease from Landlord space which, following the Reduction Date (defined in the First Amendment) will consist of 67,059 rentable square feet on the seventh (7th), eighth (8th), tenth (10th) and eleventh (11th) floors of the Steuart Tower in the building commonly known as One Market Plaza, located at One Market Street, San Francisco, California (the “Building”). |
B. | The First Amendment failed to include a reference to Suite 1005 on the tenth (10th) floor of the Steuart Tower as being part of the 10th Floor Space, and Landlord and Tenant wish to correct this oversight and to correct two other typographical errors in the First Amendment. |
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the above recitals which by this reference are incorporated herein, the mutual covenants and conditions contained herein and other valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, Landlord and Tenant agree as follows:
1.10th Floor Space; Expansion Space. The First Amendment is hereby amended by including a reference to Suite 1005 in Recital E.iii, thereby including Suite 1005 in the 10th Floor Space and the Expansion Space. For avoidance of doubt, the rentable area calculations contained in the First Amendment are all correct and are not in need of revision. Accordingly, Exhibit A-3 depicts the 10th Floor Space, which is the entire 10th Floor of the Steuart Tower.
2. Letter of Credit. The reference to “$219,670.51” as the face amount of the original Letter of Credit is hereby revised to be a reference to “$219,870.51.”
3. Superior Rights. The phrase “[TO BE CONFIRMED]” is hereby deleted from Exhibit C to the First Amendment.
4. Miscellaneous.
(a) This Second Amendment sets forth the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the matters set forth herein. There have been no additional oral or written representations or agreements.
(b) Except as herein modified or amended, the provisions, conditions and terms of the Lease shall remain unchanged and in full force and effect.
(c) In the case of any inconsistency between the provisions of the Lease and this Second Amendment, the provisions of this Second Amendment shall govern and control.
(d) Submission of this Second Amendment by Landlord is not an offer to enter into this Second Amendment but rather is a solicitation for such an offer by Tenant. Landlord shall not be bound by this Second Amendment until Landlord has executed and delivered the same to Tenant.
(e) Capitalized terms used in this Second Amendment shall have the same definitions as set forth in the Lease to the extent that such capitalized terms are defined therein and not redefined in this Second Amendment.
(f) Tenant hereby represents to Landlord that Tenant has dealt with no broker in connection with this Second Amendment, other than CB Richard Ellis (“Tenant’s Broker”). Tenant agrees to defend, indemnify and hold Landlord harmless from all claims of any brokers, other than Tenant’s Broker, claiming to have represented Tenant in connection with this Second Amendment. Landlord hereby represents to Tenant that Landlord has dealt with no broker in connection with this Second Amendment, other than Jones Lang LaSalle Americas, Inc. (“Landlord’s Broker”). Landlord agrees to defend, indemnify and hold Tenant harmless from all claims of any brokers, other than Landlord’s Broker, claiming to have represented Landlord in connection with this Second Amendment.
(g) Each signatory of this Second Amendment represents hereby that he or she has the authority to execute and deliver the same on behalf of the party hereto for which such signatory is acting.
(h) This Second Amendment may be executed in multiple counterparts each of which is deemed an original but together constitute one and the same instrument. This Second Amendment may be executed in so-called “pdf” format and each party has the right to rely upon a pdf counterpart of this Second Amendment signed by the other party to the same extent as if such party had received an original counterpart.
[SIGNATURES ARE ON FOLLOWING PAGE]
- 2 -
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Landlord and Tenant have duly executed this Second Amendment as of the Second Amendment Effective Date.
LANDLORD:
PPF PARAMOUNT ONE MARKET PLAZA OWNER, L.P.,
a Delaware limited partnership
By: PPF PARAMOUNT GP, LLC
By:
Name: Jolanta K. Bott
Name: Jolanta K. Bott
Title: Vice President
TENANT:
RPX CORPORATION,
a Delaware corporation
a Delaware corporation
By:
Print Name:
Its:
By:
Print Name:
Its:
- 3 -
Exhibit 10.17
THIRD AMENDMENT TO LEASE
THIS THIRD AMENDMENT TO LEASE (“Third Amendment”) is entered into as of , June 26, 2017 (the “Third Amendment Effective Date”), by and between PPF PARAMOUNT ONE MARKET PLAZA OWNER, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (“Landlord”) and RPX CORPORATION, a Delaware corporation (“Tenant”), with reference to the following facts:
A. | Landlord and Tenant are parties to that certain Office Lease dated as of July 28, 2010 (the “Original Lease”), which Original Lease has been previously amended by that certain First Amendment to Lease dated as of March 9, 2012 (the “First Amendment”) and by that certain Second Amendment to Lease dated as of May 31, 2012 (the “Second Amendment”) (the Original Lease, as so amended, being referred to herein as the “Lease”), pursuant to which Landlord leases to Tenant space (the “Premises”) Steuart Tower in the building commonly known as One Market, located at One Market Street, San Francisco, California (the “Building”), as follows: |
(i) | Suite 700, on the seventh (7th) floor of the Building, comprised of 14,265 rentable square feet (“RSF”) (“Suite 700”); |
(ii) | Suite 800, located on the eighth (8th) floor of the Steuart Tower, containing 17,598 RSF (“Suite 800”); |
(iii) | certain space located on the tenth (10th) floor of the Steuart Tower defined in the First Amendment as the “10th Floor Space” comprised of 17,598 RSF(“Suite 1000”); and |
(iv) | Suite 1100, on the eleventh (11th) floor of the Building, comprised of 17,598 RSF (“Suite 1100”) (i.e., an aggregate Premises RSF of 67,059 RSF) |
B. | Tenant desires to surrender Suite 800 to Landlord (17,598 RSF) (the Current Premises, less Suite 800, is referred to herein as the “Remaining Premises”), and Landlord is willing to accept such surrender on the following terms and conditions. |
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the above recitals which by this reference are incorporated herein, the mutual covenants and conditions contained herein and other valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, Landlord and Tenant agree as follows:
1.Reduction.
(a) Generally. Effective as of August 15, 2017 (the “Reduction Date”), the Premises will be reduced by the removal therefrom of Suite 800. Tenant shall vacate Suite 800 in accordance with the terms of the Lease on or prior to the Reduction Date and shall fully comply with all obligations under the Lease respecting Suite 800 up to the Reduction Date, including, without limitation, those provisions relating to the condition of Suite 800 and the removal of Tenant’s
1
property from Suite 800; provided, however, that Tenant’s obligation with respect to its vacation of Suite 800 shall be to deliver Suite 800 to Landlord in broom-clean condition and free of any furniture and equipment, inclusive of the removal of all marketing and Tenant-specific signage, but Tenant shall be entitled to leave any fixtures including but not limited to the existing data cabling and any access/security system serving Suite 800 in place, so long as neither are damaged or cut during the course of Tenant’s vacation from Suite 800. As of the Reduction Date, Suite 800 shall be deemed surrendered by Tenant to Landlord, the Lease shall be terminated with respect to Suite 800, and the “Premises”, as defined in the Lease, shall mean the Remaining Premises, comprised of 49,461 RSF.
(b) Holding Over. Tenant expressly acknowledges that Landlord has entered into (or as of the Third Amendment Effective Date, is in the process of entering into) an agreement to lease Suite 800 to a third party who will require delivery of Suite 800 promptly following the Reduction Date and that, as a consequence, Tenant’s prompt vacation of Suite 800 in accordance with the provisions of this Third Amendment is of material importance to Landlord. Accordingly, if Tenant shall hold over in Suite 800 beyond the Reduction Date, Tenant shall be liable for Base Rent, Additional Rent and other charges respecting Suite 800 as set forth in Article 36 of the Original Lease, and such amount shall not be in limitation of Tenant’s liability for consequential or other damages arising from Tenant’s holding over nor shall it be deemed permission for Tenant to hold over in Suite 800.
2. Reduction Fee. As a condition to the reduction of the Premises described herein, Tenant shall pay to Landlord a “Reduction Fee” equal to $450,000.00, as additional Rent under the Lease within two (2) business days following the mutual execution and delivery of this Third Amendment.
3. Base Rent. As of the Reduction Date, the schedule of Base Rent contained in the Lease is deleted, and the following is substituted therefor:
(a) Suite 700 (14,265 RSF).
Period | Annual Rate Per RSF | Monthly Base Rent |
August 16, 2017 - April 30, 2018 | $62.00 | $73,702.50 |
May 1, 2018 - April 30, 2019 | $63.00 | $74,891.25 |
May 1, 2019 - October 31, 2019 | $64.00 | $76,080.00 |
(b) Suite 1100 (17,598 RSF).
Period | Annual Rate Per RSF | Monthly Base Rent |
August 16, 2017 - April 30, 2018 | $64.00 | $93,856.00 |
May 1, 2018 - April 30, 2019 | $65.00 | $95,322.50 |
May 1, 2019 - October 31, 2019 | $66.00 | $96,789.00 |
2
(c) Suite 1000 (17,598 RSF).
Period | Annual Rate Per RSF | Monthly Base Rent |
August 16, 2017 - April 30, 2018 | $64.00 | $93,856.00 |
May 1, 2018 - April 30, 2019 | $65.00 | $95,322.50 |
May 1, 2019 - October 31, 2019 | $66.00 | $96,789.00 |
All such Base Rent shall be payable by Tenant in accordance with the terms of the Lease.
4. Tenant’s Share. From and after the Reduction Date, Tenant’s Share will decrease from 4.18% to 3.08% (i.e., 49,461/1,605,263). Notwithstanding anything in this Third Amendment to the contrary, Tenant shall remain liable for all year-end adjustments with respect to Tenant’s Share of Expenses, Taxes and Insurance Expenses applicable to Suite 800 for that portion of the calendar year preceding the Reduction Date. Such adjustments shall be paid at the time, in the manner and otherwise in accordance with the terms of the Lease.
5. Renewal Option. The Renewal Option contained in Section 10 of the First Amendment is hereby modified such that said Renewal Option will only apply to Suite 1000 and Suite 1100 (i.e., Tenant shall have no right to exercise the Renewal Option with respect to Suite 700).
6. Representations. Each party represents to the other that it has full power and authority to execute this Third Amendment. Tenant represents that it has not made any assignment, sublease, transfer, conveyance of the Lease or any interest therein or in Suite 800 and further represents that there is not and will not hereafter be any claim, demand, obligation, liability, action or cause of action by any other party respecting, relating to or arising out of Suite 800, and Tenant agrees to indemnify and hold harmless Landlord from all liabilities, expenses, claims, demands, judgments, damages or costs arising from any of the same, including without limitation, attorneys’ fees. Tenant acknowledges that Landlord will be relying on this Third Amendment in entering into leases for Suite 800 with other parties.
7. Miscellaneous.
(a) This Third Amendment and the attached exhibit, which is hereby incorporated into and made a part of this Third Amendment, set forth the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the matters set forth herein. There have been no additional oral or written representations or agreements.
(b) Except as herein modified or amended, the provisions, conditions and terms of the Lease shall remain unchanged and in full force and effect.
(c) In the case of any inconsistency between the provisions of the Lease and this Third Amendment, the provisions of this Third Amendment shall govern and control.
3
(d) Submission of this Third Amendment by Landlord is not an offer to enter into this Third Amendment. Landlord and Tenant shall not be bound by this Third Amendment until Landlord and Tenant have each executed and delivered the same.
(e) Capitalized terms used in this Third Amendment shall have the same definitions as set forth in the Lease to the extent that such capitalized terms are defined therein and not redefined in this Third Amendment.
(f) Tenant hereby represents to Landlord that Tenant has dealt with no broker in connection with this Third Amendment, other than Jones Lang LaSalle Americas, Inc.. Tenant agrees to defend, indemnify and hold Landlord harmless from all claims of any brokers claiming to have represented Tenant in connection with this Third Amendment. Landlord hereby represents to Tenant that Landlord has dealt with no broker in connection with this Third Amendment, other than Jones Lang LaSalle Americas, Inc. Landlord agrees to defend, indemnify and hold Tenant harmless from all claims of any brokers claiming to have represented Landlord in connection with this Third Amendment.
(g) Each signatory of this Third Amendment represents hereby that he or she has the authority to execute and deliver the same on behalf of the party hereto for which such signatory is acting.
(h) This notice is given pursuant to California Civil Code Section 1938. The Remaining Premises have not been issued a disability access inspection certificate. A Certified Access Specialist (“CASp”) can inspect the Remaining Premises and determine whether the Remaining Premises complies with all of the applicable construction-related accessibility standards under state law. Although state law does not require a CASp inspection, Landlord may not prohibit Tenant from obtaining a CASp inspection. If Tenant desires to perform a CASp inspection, Tenant will provide written notice to Landlord, and Landlord may elect, in its sole discretion, to retain a CASp to perform the inspection. If Landlord does not so elect, the time and manner of any CASp inspection performed by Tenant , as well as the CASp selected to perform such inspection, will be subject to the prior written approval of Landlord. In either event, the payment of the fee for the CASp inspection shall be borne by Tenant. The cost of making any repairs necessary to correct violations of construction-related accessibility standards within the Remaining Premises shall be allocated as provided in Article 12 of the Original Lease.
(i) Tenant represents and warrants to Landlord that Tenant is currently in compliance with and shall at all times through and including the Termination Date (including any extension thereof), remain in compliance with the regulations of the Office of Foreign Asset Control (“OFAC”) of the Department of the Treasury (including those named on OFAC’s Specially Designated and Blocked Persons List) and any statute, executive order (including the September 24, 2001, Executive Order Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Persons Who Commit, Threaten to Commit, or Support Terrorism), or other governmental action relating thereto.
(j) This Third Amendment may be executed in multiple counterparts each of which is deemed an original but together constitute one and the same instrument. This Third Amendment may be executed in “pdf” format and each party has the right to rely upon a pdf
4
counterpart of this Third Amendment signed by the other party to the same extent as if such party had received an original counterpart.
[SIGNATURES ARE ON FOLLOWING PAGE]
5
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Landlord and Tenant have duly executed this Third Amendment as of the Third Amendment Effective Date.
PPF PARAMOUNT ONE MARKET PLAZA OWNER, L.P.
a Delaware limited partnership
By: PPF PARAMOUNT GP, LLC
By:
Name: Jolanta K. Bott
Name: Jolanta K. Bott
Title: Vice President
TENANT:
RPX CORPORATION,
a Delaware corporation
a Delaware corporation
By:
Print Name:
Its:
By:
Print Name:
Its:
The individuals signing above hereby represent and warrant that at least one of the individuals signing above is one of the following: (x) the chairman of the board, the president, or a vice president of the tenant entity; and that the other individual is one of the following: (y) the secretary, assistant secretary, the chief financial officer, or assistant treasurer of the tenant entity; provided, however, that a single individual signing alone for such corporate entity represents and warrants that such individual holds at least two corporate offices with one office in each of the two categories listed above (i.e., clauses (x) and (y) above).
6
EXHIBIT A
REDUCTION SPACE
Exhibit 10.28
RPX CORPORATION
ONE MARKET PLAZA, STEUART TOWER, SUITE 700
ONE MARKET PLAZA, STEUART TOWER, SUITE 700
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94105
September 17, 2010
Martin E. Roberts
Dear Marty:
RPX Corporation (the “Company”) is pleased to offer you employment on the following terms:
1. Position. Your initial title will be General Counsel and you will initially report to Geoffrey T. Barker, Chief Operating Officer. This is a full-time position.
2. Commencement of Employment. This letter is conditioned upon your agreement to begin employment with the Company no later than October 15, 2010.
3. Cash Compensation. The Company will pay you a starting salary at the rate of $245,000 per year, payable in accordance with the Company’s standard payroll schedule. This salary will be subject to adjustment pursuant to the Company’s employee compensation policies in effect from time to time.
4. Equity Compensation. As part of your offer, we are also pleased to offer you a grant of 250,564 Options on Common Stock of the Company. This grant is subject to approval by the Company’s board of directors and will vest 25% upon completion of your first year of employment with the Company, with the remaining 75% vesting ratably on a monthly basis over three years.
5. Employee Benefits. As a regular employee of the Company, you will be eligible to participate in a number of Company-sponsored benefits. In addition, you will be entitled to paid time off in accordance with the Company’s PTO policy, as in effect from time to time.
6. Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement. Like all Company employees, you will be required, as a condition of your employment with the Company, to sign the Company’s standard Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement, a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit A.
7. Employment Relationship. Our benefits, payroll, and other human resource management services are provided through TriNet Employer Group, Inc., a professional employer
organization. As a result of our arrangement with TriNet, TriNet will be considered your employer of record for these purposes and your managers at the Company will be responsible for directing your work, reviewing your performance, setting your schedule, and otherwise directing your work. Employment with the Company is for no specific period of time. Your employment with the Company will be “at will,” meaning that either you or the Company may terminate your employment at any time and for any reason, with or without cause. Any contrary representations that may have been made to you are superseded by this letter agreement. This is the full and complete agreement between you and the Company on this term. Although your job duties, title, compensation and benefits, as well as the Company’s personnel policies and procedures, may change from time to time, the “at will” nature of your employment may only be changed in an express written agreement signed by you and a duly authorized officer of the Company (other than you). While you render services to the Company, you will not engage in any other employment, consulting or other business activity (whether full‑time or part-time) that would create a conflict of interest with the Company. By signing this letter of agreement, you confirm to the Company that you have no contractual commitments or other legal obligations that would prohibit you from performing your duties for the Company.
8. Tax Matters.
(a) Withholding. All forms of compensation referred to in this letter agreement are subject to reduction to reflect applicable withholding and payroll taxes and other deductions required by law.
(b) Tax Advice. You are encouraged to obtain your own tax advice regarding your compensation from the Company. You agree that the Company does not have a duty to design its compensation policies in a manner that minimizes your tax liabilities, and you will not make any claim against the Company or its Board of Directors related to tax liabilities arising from your compensation.
9. Interpretation, Amendment and Enforcement. This letter agreement and Exhibit A constitute the complete agreement between you and the Company, contain all of the terms of your employment with the Company and supersede any prior agreements, representations or understandings (whether written, oral or implied) between you and the Company. This letter agreement may not be amended or modified, except by an express written agreement signed by both you and a duly authorized officer of the Company. The terms of this letter agreement and the resolution of any disputes as to the meaning, effect, performance or validity of this letter agreement or arising out of, related to, or in any way connected with, this letter agreement, your employment with the Company or any other relationship between you and the Company (the “Disputes”) will be governed by California law, excluding laws relating to conflicts or choice of law. You and the Company submit to the exclusive personal jurisdiction of the federal and state courts located in San Francisco, California, in connection with any Dispute or any claim related to any Dispute.
* * * * *
As required by law, your employment with the Company is contingent upon your providing legal proof of your identity and authorization to work in the United States. This offer is contingent upon our receipt of a satisfactory investigation report of your background.
You may indicate your agreement with these terms and accept this offer by signing and dating both the enclosed duplicate original of this letter agreement and the enclosed Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement and returning them to me.
This offer shall remain in effect through 5:00pm, September 24, 2010, after which time it shall become void.
Very truly yours,
RPX CORPORATION
_____________________________
By: Geoffrey T. Barker
Title: Chief Operating Officer
I have read and accept this employment offer:
____________________________________________
Signature of Employee
Dated: ______________________________
Attachment
Exhibit A: Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement
ADDENDUM TO OFFER LETTER
By and between RPX Corporation (the “Company”) and Martin Roberts
As the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, Mr. Roberts receives an annual base salary of $500,000 with eligibility for a discretionary bonus of up to 100% of base salary.
Exhibit 21.1 | |
List of Subsidiaries of RPX Corporation | |
Legal Name | Jurisdiction |
Inventus, LLC | Texas |
Inventus Holdings UK Ltd. | United Kingdom |
Inventus Solutions, Inc. | Delaware |
Inventus Solutions GMBH | Germany |
Inventus Solutions HK Limited | Hong Kong |
RPX Asia Corporation | Japan |
RPX Clearinghouse LLC | Delaware |
RPX Consulting LLC | Delaware |
RPX Freedom Corporation | Delaware |
RPX Insurance Services, LLC | Delaware |
RPX Reinsurance LLC | Hawaii |
Exhibit 23.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-173911, 333-180357, 333-187152, 333-194438, 333-202433, 333-209780, and 333-216305) of RPX Corporation of our report dated March 5, 2018 relating to the financial statements and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10‑K.
s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
San Francisco, California
March 5, 2018
Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATIONS
I, Martin E. Roberts, certify that:
1. | I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of RPX Corporation; |
2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
4. | The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
(a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; |
(b) | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; |
(c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and |
(d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and |
5. | The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
(a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and |
(b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. |
Date: | March 5, 2018 | |
/s/ MARTIN E. ROBERTS | ||
Martin E. Roberts | ||
Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | ||
Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATIONS
I, David J. Anderson, certify that:
1. | I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of RPX Corporation; |
2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
4. | The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
(a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; |
(b) | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; |
(c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and |
(d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and |
5. | The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
(a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and |
(b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. |
Date: | March 5, 2018 | |
/s/ DAVID J. ANDERSON | ||
David J. Anderson | ||
Chief Financial Officer | ||
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | ||
Exhibit 32.1
CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 of RPX Corporation, (the “Company”) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Martin E. Roberts, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
Date: | March 5, 2018 | |
/s/ MARTIN E. ROBERTS | ||
Martin E. Roberts | ||
Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | ||
Exhibit 32.2
CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 of RPX Corporation (the “Company”) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, David J. Anderson, Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President, Finance of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
1. | The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and |
2. | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. |
Date: | March 5, 2018 | |
/s/ DAVID J. ANDERSON | ||
David J. Anderson | ||
Chief Financial Officer | ||
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | ||